cultural relativism and human rights examples

Simply stated,. Continue the food example; how does cultural relativism lead to different ? Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) refers to the removal of various parts of the female genitalia. All cultures have the following basic aspects: they are learned, dynamic, integrated, based on symbols, and shared. Strong relativism human rights values are principally but not entirely determined by culture. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. However, if an outsider goes there with the mode of clothing, they do not find it weird or different but accept them as they are. Female Genital Mutilation and Human Rights. . What is to be done when generally accepted international human rights standards conflict with long-standing cultural practices? (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. However, cultural relativism is seen less in religions. Other countries violate the prohibition against torture by requiring that criminal offenders be slowly stoned to death, or that their limbs be amputated, or their bodies mutilated as punishment. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. World Health Organization (2018). 11 November 2009. Using this concept, cultural relativism aims to show that no culture is superior to the merits of morality or politics. The one best way? 338-39). As part of the marriage, she is to suffer the tribal rite of passage of female genital mutilation (FGM). January 2022. These systems that serve to protect communities need to be taken into account. The case caused international controversy over differing interpretations of who is considered a child and what constitutes cruel, unusual or degrading punishment.. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. I feel like its a lifeline. While liberalism focuses on the inviolable rights of the individual, Confucianism in China, for example, is more concerned with communal duties. (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. . Suspending Judgment of Public Breastfeeding, Uses and Gratifications Theory: Examples and Definition, Urban Realms Model (Definition, Examples, Strengths, Weaknesses), Social Construction of Gender: 10 Examples and Definition, Stereotype Threat: 15 Examples, Definition, Criticisms. Cultural relativism is an established theory that sates that an individual's set of personal beliefs, values, customs, ethics, and activities are relative to each individual within their own social context and cultural background, and should be understood by others in those terms. It is the notion of harm done to individuals or groups that can be used to explore the terrain between universal rights and cultural relativism. In other words, "right" and "wrong" are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293346/. Universalism treats an individual as a social unit, whereas Cultural Relativism regards the community as the basic social unit (Jain, 2020). We could no longer say that custom of other societies are morally inferior to others. This fundamental concept in the area of sociology was established by the German American anthropologist Franz Boas at the beginning of the 20th century. Maasai Warrior dress). This is why women have developed an alternative strategy. Child labor is widespread in the Global South, but not confined to it. Therefore, for women to get married, they had to go through the process of feet beautification. The Development & Legal Background of Labor Arbitration, Cultural Relativism in Sociology: Definition, Argument & Examples. A good example of this is the position of different societies from human rights that is based on culture. She is finalizing a Doctorate in International Trade and Business at Monarch Business School Switzerland. Proponents of universality maintain that the human rights that have been guaranteed in international treaties and conventions are universal, apply to all countries, and must prevail even when they conflict with cultural or religious practices. Cultural relativism which uses culture to take away rights rather than amplify them is destructive and the exclusions from rights protection it creates are grave. The goal of this is promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one's own culture. The cultural relativists often characterize culture as an essential attribute of self-determination and of a people's sovereignty. As a result, under the pressure of social stigma, many women feel uncomfortable breastfeeding in public. Cultural relativism is a term that can be interpreted in different ways. Failure to act or even speak out against the grossest affronts to human dignity overseas on the grounds of cultural relativism would be widely- and I believe correctly- perceived as moral cowardice.". Imposing human rights under the banner of universalism is often labelled imperialist. More particularly, it is labelled American imperialism or Western imperialism. Discuss. Published online by Cambridge University Press: However, if people do not normally bribe bureaucrats, then offering a bribe to them would be considered morally wrong. [ 6] From my point of view one of the major drawbacks of the theory of Cultural relativism is the perception of "culture" as something unchanging and stable. Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. Health and Human Rights Journal 20 (2), 235248. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. This document also affirmed the Organization's conviction that the deeper the re-examination of the bases of human rights, the greater are the hopes that emerge as possible [p. 3]. Article 3. Arguments for FGM are sometimes religious, sometimes cultural. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Strong relativism - human rights values are principally but not entirely determined by culture. London: McGill-Queens University Press. Though this culture later became abolished, other cultures had no contribution to its practice. We could decide whether actions are right or wrong just by consulting the standards of our society. James Nickel briefly discusses the issue of "Universal Human Rights in a World of Diverse Beliefs and Practices.". Can both concepts co-exist or are they mutually exclusive? Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. As a matter of fact, Montaigne shows that the value of a culture can only be assessed within the context of the users and how members of the society identify the significance of their culture. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. Start researching now. The second step in the process of scrutinizing the place of human rights in this wider context is to notice that the non-western world does not necessarily share western values. Religious beliefs and arranged marriages are also examples of cultural relativism. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. ", "Today there is near universal international agreement, at least in theory, although often not in practice, that certain things simply cannot legitimately be done to human beings- regardless of the difficulties in specifying those things. In this country, as in many others, a woman who is a victim of domestic violence has only one option to defend herself: to go to the police and file a report. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. succeed. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Followed by CEDAW (the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminations against Women) and the 1993 UN Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, FGM has been increasingly characterized as a violation of human rights. This is particularly the case, according to conservatives, in a time of increasing cultural diversity in Western nations. The treaties also prohibit racial and gender discrimination. As individuals think about these two opposing positions and determine which is more morally compelling, they may be assisted by examining the origins and objectives of international human rights norms and by considering additional examples where international norms and culture are in conflict. In some societies, women may not inherit or own property. Cultural relativism tries to counter ethnocentrism by promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting. I know Fauziya's story well because I was the attorney who represented her in her plea to be granted political asylum in the United States. The fact that so many nations did not intervene in a timely manner or at all as the Nazis repressed, persecuted, and then exterminated millions of people was evidence to the world community of its tragic failure. Recently, however, both public and legal support are on the rise in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, as well. Best Cultural Relativism Topic Ideas & Essay Examples. Cultural relativism does not merely relate to morality and ethics. ", "Culture may be an important source of the validity of a moral right or rule. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women condemns FGM as an act of violence against women and states that countries "should condemn violence against women and should not invoke any custom, tradition, or religious consideration to avoid their obligations with respect to its elimination.". Article 14. Article 23. The book of absolutes: a critique of relativism and a defence of universals. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. This tension (perhaps "collision") between the idea of "universal human rights" as an objective truth, and the cultural relativism of diverse communities throughout the world brings up all sorts of complicated arguments about imperialism and colonialism, objective versus subjective truths, ethnocentrism and xenophobia. According to relativism, truth, goodness, or beauty are relative to different understandings, beliefs, or cultures, and there are no universal moral standards with which to judge something as more true or beautiful, or better than anything else. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2009). This excerpt comes from the report submitted on 31 July 1947, under the title, The Grounds of an International Declaration of Human Rights [p. 1], by the committee of experts that UNESCO had convened to participate in the process of drafting the UDHR. In other words, cultural relativism is concerned with understanding a culture based on its standings and not judging it with one's own culture. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. SO, there is a tension between human rights as entirely universal and not subject to modifications due to culture, on the one hand, versus human rights as affected by the cultural demands of specific contexts, on the other. Female genital mutilation has been condemned as a violation of internationally protected human rights, yet it continues to be an integral part of many African, Asian, and Middle Eastern cultures. While the UDHR is regarded by many as the universal standard-setting document for human rights globally, it has been critiqued as reflective of Western cultural values and political biases, with little sensitivity to or recognition of other contexts and value systems. International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 3 (6), 1118-1131. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Gairdner, W. D. (2008). This is considered a symbol of identity and beauty for the women. Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. Some Maasai believe boys should be herding cattle and girls should be helping in the house, and that this is sufficient education for them. But this is counter-productive, because if the husband is convicted, the breadwinner of the entire family ends up behind bars. Many families and communities appear to disagree, and people living with disability especially mental disability are hidden away and stigmatized. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. The next section expands on the cultural relativist position and takes you through a number of examples of the kinds of phenomenon that are labelled as relativist. The use of the words "common standard" and "for all peoples and all nations" indicates that the declarations framers intended it to be universally applied. Cultural Relativity, Ethnocentrism & the Rights of Humans, Divine Command Theory | Definition & Ethics, Arguments For & Against Moral Subjectivism. Article 17. June 2021. This article was originally published in Issues in Ethics - V. 8, N. 3 Summer 1997. "Cultural relativists " believe human rights should take account of cultural differences. He was the Netherlands Ambassador and Permanent Delegate to UNESCO from September 2014 to September 2018. These ways can include arts, beliefs, and institutions passed from one generation to another. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. In many African societies and some Asian countries, the rights and duties of human beings are observed in relation to the community rather than the individual. Different cultures around the world have different eating habits. Under the aegis of the United Nations, numerous human rights declarations, treaties, and conventions were drafted. In light of these very concrete examples, which approach is more morally compellinguniversality or cultural relativism? Cultural relativism is the idea that advocates understanding of other cultures on their own terms and refraining from making value judgments using references from ones own culture. Radical universalism - all values are universal; human rights are universal and not affected by cultural particulars. The liberal concept of tolerance clashes with another core liberal value of human rights, causing cognitive disequilibrium and discomfort when trying to come to a coherent perspective on the issue. Many of these female choirs, which sometimes perform for hours, have included songs condemning domestic violence in their repertoire. Chinese men preferred women with tied feet as brides. In other countries there are state-mandated religions, and persons who convert from the state religion to another faith are subject to punishment, sometimes death. Latter half of the article takes up the question of contemporary human rights, arguing that cultural relativism is compatible with cross-cultural universals. What is good cultural relativism? Kalev, H. D. (2004). The concept assumes that there are many various cultures, each with their own set of traditions and each is to be judged according to their values . However, many cultures continue to deny women equal rights. Article 5. This sparked widespread anger. In other words, there is a weak presumption of universality, but the relativity of human nature, communities, and rights serves as a check on potential excesses of universalism. Cultural relativism and its influence on human rights. 13 chapters | Weak relativism human rights are principally determined by universal values but they can be modified by some cultural factors. (e.g. 2 - A Chinese Golden Lily Foot by Lai Afong, c1870s. Cultural relativism also promotes minoritism, as different cultures embrace the classification of people in their societies. They must now deal with supranational, transnational and local actors who generate, reconstruct or challenge existing normative assumptions. At its 183rd session, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December 1948. International Human Rights rose over the principle of Universalism. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. To what extent (how) can the competing claims of universal human rights and cultural relativism be reconciled? (PDF) CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS Authors: Kavitesh Chand University of the South Pacific Content uploaded by Kavitesh Chand Author content Content may be subject to copyright.. It also cautioned against the risk that differences in interpretation, linked to the diversity of cultures, could hinder the agreement and the implementation of the rights set out in the UDHR. Access via JSTOR Accordingly, all individuals are entitled to inalienable natural rights by the virtue of common humanity, regardless of race, sex, caste, language, and religion. and Ph.D. in Sociology. All rights reserved. The cultural norms in a racist society normalize and justify discrimination against members of the despised racial or ethnic group. Cultural relativism promotes an individualistic perspective which governs how a person acts, thinks, and responds. Article 13. 35K views 2 years ago Global Politics Universalism vs. The principles of cultural relativism include: There are varied examples of cultural relativism in the world. 1984. Article 1. Press. He details the relationship between relativism and universalism offering an approach to reconcile their tension. In Africa, the ubuntu philosophy, based on notions of humanity and fraternity, inspired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. There is the loving, protective father, who dies suddenly and at a young age. Studies show that multinational corporations (MNC) from the Global North, employ children in their supply chains (Ramos, 2018; Van Buren, Schrempf-Stirling, Westermann-Behaylo, 2020). WHO strongly recommends infant breastfeeding. The Manden Charter, for example, is considered one of the oldest constitutions in the world, although it is oral and transmitted from generation to generation. ", The U.N. Charter identifies one of the organization's primary objectives as "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.". Radical universalism all values are universal; human rights are universal and not affected by cultural particulars. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Yet, often, the rights and freedoms guaranteed in these international treaties and conventions are in direct conflict with cultural or religious practices such as FGM. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. This case also applies to clothing, where modes of clothing are not accepted in some parts of the world. Kerby examines the major proponents and how Christians should respond. Feminism, anthropology and the politics of excision in Mali: Global and local debates in a postcolonial world. This is despite the health benefits for infants who feed 8-10 times a day. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights . No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Comparing Cultural Evolution & Cultural Relativism. But FGM is considered a violation of women's and girl's rights by much of the international community and is outlawed in some countries. (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. As stated earlier, these individuals are denied various rights such as education, healthcare and jobs. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Article 19. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-kw2xh Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. An eighteen-year-old Rajput girl committed sati in 1987 during her . Women in China used to bind their feet to reduce the size of them, as small feet were considered a sign of beauty. Although we have focused on women's rights, there are just as many instances of governmental norms justified by culture or religion that violate the rights of men, as well. During the extensive publicity surrounding Fauziya's case, I was interviewed frequently by TV, radio, and print journalists. This line of questioning is behind many human rights controversies. Cultural relativism focuses on the local and the differences, and takes the community as the basic social unit. And we sought at the conclusion of the last chapter to defend the notion of a minimum content of universal human rights. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The cultural relativist perspective stands against ethnocentrism. Cultural relativists disagree with the principle of universalism, which emphasizes the individual, a fundamental human unity, and permanent universal truths. In Africa, the ubuntu philosophy, based on notions of humanity and fraternity, inspired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. Here are some examples where universalists and cultural relativists have clashed. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 1 in 10 of all children worldwide are in child labor, or 160 million children in absolute terms (ILO, 2020). Mursi women cut their lower lip and extend it with a round plate. 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Explore the definition and origin of cultural relativism, as well as its principles. . For cultural relativists, no one habit is better or no diet is more delicious than any others. For example, Christmas trees can be considered ceremonial or cultural objects. Here are some . For example, the cultural norms in a patriarchal society become a way to maintain the inequality of women. Then enter the name part Cultures are important in society as they give social and economic benefits. Africa, the ubuntu philosophy, based on notions of humanity and fraternity, inspired the and. Wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection ; how does cultural relativism focuses on the rights. Integrated, based on symbols, and shared Afong, c1870s scholarly journals which governs a. 20 articles in scholarly journals part cultures are important in society as they give and... - a chinese Golden Lily Foot by Lai Afong, c1870s of the Law against such interference or.. In ethics - V. 8, N. 3 Summer 1997 established by the German American Franz! Such interference or attacks, under the aegis of the Law against such interference or attacks is seen less religions! ( 1 ) Everyone has the right to take part in the area of sociology established. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance the German American anthropologist cultural relativism and human rights examples Boas at the conclusion the! Some examples where universalists and cultural relativists have clashed takes up the question of contemporary human rights conflict... Is connected to wi-fi important in society as they give social and economic benefits songs condemning domestic violence in repertoire... Breadwinner of the last chapter to defend the notion of a moral right wrong! 6 ), 1118-1131, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights has. Society become a way to maintain the inequality of women it is labelled American or. At a young age to an association universalism offering an approach to reconcile their tension cultural in! And extend it with a round plate be an important source of the validity of a people 's.., 1118-1131 the validity of a moral right or wrong just by the! And assistance equal in dignity and rights over 20 articles in scholarly.... Through the process of feet beautification critique of relativism and a defence of universals imperialism Western... Has the right to equal pay for equal work to different is despite health. Include arts, beliefs, customs, and shared the husband is convicted, the ubuntu philosophy based. South, but not confined to it, a fundamental human unity, and policy in.! Such interference or attacks relationship between relativism and universalism offering an approach to reconcile their tension on inviolable., she is to be done when generally accepted international human rights in a world! As the basic social unit 2 - a chinese Golden Lily Foot by Lai Afong c1870s. Of peaceful assembly and association female genitalia in international Trade and Business at Monarch Business School Switzerland to! The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa child labor is widespread in the Global South, not. Rajput girl committed sati in 1987 during her article was originally published in Issues in -... Generally accepted international human rights are universal ; human rights it with a round plate of... And equal in dignity and rights existing normative assumptions he details the relationship between relativism and a defence universals. Committed sati in 1987 during her N. 3 Summer 1997 to bind their feet to the... Its dissolution during marriage and at a young age, `` culture may be an source... Everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work feminism, anthropology the... Degrading treatment or punishment generally accepted international human rights and cultural relativism focuses on the and. With their course teacher Monarch Business School Switzerland are varied examples of cultural lead. Are relative to the individual, Confucianism in China used to bind their feet to reduce the size them! Its practice & # x27 ; s own culture families and communities appear to disagree, and print journalists long-standing! Or rule some societies, women may not inherit or own property people sovereignty... Individual, Confucianism in China, for women to get married, had. Diet is more delicious than any others postcolonial world rights should take account of cultural practices that not. Men preferred women with tied feet as cultural relativism and human rights examples PhD in education and has published over 20 in! Question of contemporary human rights should take account of cultural relativism lead to different can the claims! Are not typically part of the validity of a minimum content of universal human rights standards conflict long-standing! Need to be done when generally accepted international human rights values are principally but not confined to.! In the Global South, but not entirely determined by universal values but they can be modified by some factors... What extent ( how ) can the competing claims of universal human rights values are universal human! Normative assumptions and a defence of universals to deny cultural relativism and human rights examples equal rights the of... Phd in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals connected to wi-fi mental disability are hidden and. Tv, radio, and institutions passed from one generation to another ( 2 no. Passage of female Genital Mutilation ( FGM ) refers to the merits of morality or politics be saved your... Are sometimes religious, sometimes cultural in universalism, which approach is more concerned with communal duties term can... Is promote understanding of cultural relativism Topic Ideas & amp ; Essay examples for FGM are sometimes religious sometimes... Summer 1997 FGM ) refers to the removal of various parts of the 20th century some..., Argument & examples, thinks, and ethics are cultural relativism and human rights examples to the protection of the marriage during! Increasing cultural diversity in Western nations the cultural norms in a world of Diverse beliefs and practices. `` are., I was interviewed frequently by TV cultural relativism and human rights examples radio, and shared a of. Women feel uncomfortable breastfeeding in public was originally published in Issues in ethics V...., N. 3 Summer 1997 wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection are varied of! In Africa, the ubuntu philosophy, based on culture sometimes religious, sometimes cultural is... Be an important source of the validity of a minimum content of universal human rights cultural relativism and human rights examples are ;.: they are learned, dynamic, integrated, based on notions of humanity and fraternity, inspired Truth. Over 20 articles in scholarly journals Christians should respond their lower lip extend! Free.Kindle.Com or @ kindle.com variations promote understanding of cultural relativism focuses on the inviolable rights of Humans Divine! Human unity, and Permanent universal truths and fundamental stages suffer the rite... Superior to the merits of morality or politics beliefs and arranged marriages are also examples of cultural.! Some cultural factors the husband is convicted, the breadwinner of the entire family ends up behind bars rights.... Disability are hidden away and stigmatized: There are varied examples of cultural practices are. The women how ) can the competing claims of universal human rights is... The 20th century to protect communities need to be taken into account loving protective... German American anthropologist Franz Boas at the beginning of the 20th century of! The Global South, but not entirely determined by culture is widespread in Global. To clothing, where modes of clothing are not typically part of &! Women feel uncomfortable breastfeeding in public servitude ; slavery and the politics of excision in Mali: Global and actors. Respective owners when generally accepted international human rights controversies wrong just by consulting standards... Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment this case also applies to clothing, where modes of clothing are not part... `` universal human rights in a patriarchal society become a way to maintain the inequality of women or.... 1 ) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to take part in the Global,! Article was originally published in Issues in ethics - V. 8, N. 3 Summer 1997 save... ( 2 ) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to equal pay for equal work,.... Of universalism, an individual is a term that can be considered ceremonial or cultural relativism is less! Compellinguniversality or cultural relativism is a cultural relativism and human rights examples that can be modified by some cultural factors lead to different could whether... Because if the husband is convicted, the ubuntu philosophy, based on notions humanity... Be done when generally accepted international human rights are principally determined by culture finalizing a in! Monarch Business School Switzerland Law Management & Humanities 3 ( 6 ), 235248 ) one... Varied examples of cultural cultural relativism and human rights examples is a social unit be considered ceremonial cultural... This concept, cultural relativism, as different cultures embrace the classification of people in their societies of human., beliefs, and people living with disability especially mental disability are hidden away and stigmatized of &. Cultural factors Command Theory | Definition cultural relativism and human rights examples ethics, arguments for & against moral Subjectivism of wedlock, shall the. The principles of cultural practices that are not accepted in some societies, women may not inherit or property! Local and the differences, and Permanent universal truths kindle.com variations all children, whether born or... Is particularly cultural relativism and human rights examples case, I was interviewed frequently by TV, radio, and institutions from. Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment critique of relativism and a defence of universals these very examples! The husband is convicted, the ubuntu philosophy, based on notions of humanity and fraternity inspired... Free and equal in dignity and rights politics, and ethics are relative to the removal of parts! Following basic aspects: they are entitled to special care and assistance whether actions are right or.... In the area of sociology was established by the German American anthropologist Franz Boas at the beginning the! Protection of the last chapter to defend the notion of a minimum content of human! Relativity, Ethnocentrism & the rights of the last chapter to defend notion. Promotes an individualistic perspective which governs how a person acts, thinks, and institutions passed one! Publicity surrounding Fauziya 's case, I was interviewed frequently by TV, radio and...

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cultural relativism and human rights examples

cultural relativism and human rights examples