nile monitor bite force

Referring to a burrowing life-style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing. The nest site is defended by the sow. Variation in longevity, growth, and morphology in exploited Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus) from Sahelian Africa. Typically, when a person suffers a minor cut, the area surround the wound will become red, swollen and warm to touch. The ornate monitor (V. ornatus) and West African Nile monitor (V. stellatus) were described as species in 1802 and 1803 by Franois Marie Daudin. Journal of Herpetology, 34: 414-424. [2], With the West African Nile monitor as a separate species, there are two main clades in the Nile monitor: A widespread clade found throughout much of Southern, Central and East Africa, as well as more locally in coastal West Africa. Cowles, R. 1928. Contributor Galleries It may only be during episodes of increased physiologic demand (e.g., hibernation, breeding, concurrent disease) that underlying liver disease becomes clinically apparent. They dive readily and can swim strongly when disturbed (Bennett, 1995; Branch, 1998). Bodyweight (mass) is usually below normal; often the patient is critical. Fry etal. The tough skin is covered by bead-like scales. Researchers were able to utilize detailed x-rays to reliably establish that a shark measuring 21 feet would register approximately 4,000 PSI. The strongest crocodile bite force is 3,700 pounds per square inch (PSI). Therefore all species of sea turtles are included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and National Resources (IUCN) and Red List of Threatened animals (Baillie and Groombridge,1996). He came down with a staph infection, and I'm guessing his temperature was through the roof. He'd also throw raw chicken on the ground. With an average length of 100-140 cm (around 4 feet) and a maximum of 200 cm (6 1/2 feet), it is the largest African lizard. This action drags the teeth through the flesh, distal side first. On land, the Nile monitor walks with a sinuous swagger and will sometimes climb trees to bask, feed or sleep. The head has an elongated snout, and the tail is much longer than the body and is laterally compressed, with a low dorsal crest. [2] It is estimated to have split from the others in the Nile monitor complex about 7.7 million years ago, making it older than the split between humans and chimpanzees. In 1975, some North African countries replaced the Wild Animals Law created in 1963 with a new law that gives protection to crocodiles, pythons and monitor lizards. (Branch, 1998; Cowles, 1928; Steel, 1996), Adult Nile monitors are brownish or greenish-gray, with darker reticulation and yellowish spots or stripes on the back and limbs and yellowish-green spots on the head. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. A monitor lizards bite is one of its most dangerous traits and it can cause severe pain. They nest in 12 sites in the Nicobar group and 3 sites in Little Andaman with a peak nesting season is from September to October. communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them. They are also the animal with the most powerful bite in the world. (Anadu, 1987; Bartlett and Bartlett, 1996; Branch, 1998), Nile monitors are sometimes known as "water monitors", or "water leguaan" in South Africa. Land snails of the genus Achatina are Nile monitors' favorite prey. As a last resort, a cornered Nile monitor will bite and eject foul-smelling musk from the cloaca to attack or throw off a pursuer/attacker. "They had eaten his face, eaten his hands, they actually had eaten into his abdomen and eaten some of the internal organs.". These brilliantly ornamented males engage themselves in sometimes very elaborate ritual dances on special trees or dancing grounds to attract a mate. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. 6.66). Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc.. A 4.5 m long African rock python has been reported to seize a 1.4 m long Nile monitor, and within half and hour had swallowed it head first. Three species [Varanus bitatawa, Varanus mabitang, and Grays monitor (Varanus olivaceus)] are arboreal and subsist largely on fruit. The other clade includes the monitors of the Sahel (Mali to Ethiopia) and Nile regions. 608-221-0094, www.reptilerapture.net. Nile monitors are also listed under the Endangered Species Decree of 1985, which means that international trade of the species in prohibited. African small-grain lizard, water leguaan, river leguaan, water monitor (Eng. Living Dragons. The termites quickly repair the gaping hole which protects the eggs during development. The white-throated or rock monitor (Varanus albigularis albigularis) is its closest relative in southern Africa. [35] In July 2008, a Nile monitor was spotted in Homestead, a small city southwest of Miami. This season correlates with the development of the gonads. Buffrenil (1992) considered that, when fighting for its life, a Nile monitor was a more dangerous adversary than a crocodile of a similar size. Report fish kills, wildlife emergencies, sightings, etc. They can apply high force for extended periods of time, a great advantage for holding down large prey underwater to drown. But a bite can become infected with bacteria. in turtles and lizards. 2002. Like some varanids, water dragons have a laterally-compressed tail and an opportunistic diet. Die Familie der Warane (Varanidae), 1. A patient with alteration of consciousness should always receive computed tomography of the brain before performing a lumbar puncture. Have some feedback for us? Biodiversity Science, Report complaints on environmental and/or social harms and gender discrimination arising from SANBIs activities. They are powerful swimmers. It was suggested that venom enters the victim along grooves on the tooth surface and would penetrate deeply into the lacerations produced by the sabre-like teeth. The population in West African forests and savannahs is sometimes recognized as a separate species, the West African Nile monitor (V. Search in feature Holding its head at an angle to the body of the prey, the lizard closes the teeth on one side of its mouth on the prey and then withdraws its snout in an arc-like trajectory. Although they look similar to dogs in appearance, they are more closely related to cats and civets. There are many ways to measure strength, and this fact stands true across the animal kingdom as well. He would feed them to the lizards. They do live in the tropical lowland evergreen rainforest and in the mountain forest. Public safety is the primary factor in evaluating the potential danger posed by a monitor lizard or iguana. This species is more vulnerable on land and if threatened will normally do its best to avoid injury and will flee to the safety of deep water. [20] They have muscular bodies, strong legs, and powerful jaws. Mature males do have very large and protruding canine teeth; however, they are used mainly in displays of aggression against challenging males or to frighten off intruders. Postal: Private Bag X101, Silverton, 0184. As a last resort a cornered Nile monitor will bite and eject foul-smelling musk from the cloaca to deter attack or throw off a pursuer. Some animals can not be categorized in a special feeding guild as herbivore, insectivore or carnivore, since they forage on food belonging to all or a combination of these categories. scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. But it is rare for them to be aggressive towards humans. Polar bears can grow up to 1,200 pounds and stand seven feet tall. A deep, stoutly constructed skull, blunt crushing posterior teeth, and a bowed lower jaw make it easy for Nile monitors to eat hard-shelled prey such as mollusks. They are capable of opening their impressive jaws 150 to 180 degrees and generating 1,800 PSI of biting force. Nile monitors are also listed under the Endangered Species Decree of 1985, which means that international trade of the species in prohibited. Like all monitors, they have forked tongues, with highly developed olfactory properties. The then-SPCA director John Caldwell said the creatures were later placed in zoos or euthanized as one was acting aggressively, "going toward you, mouth open". Dalhuijsen,Kim et al:"A comparative analysis of the diets of Varanus albigularis and Varanus niloticus in South Africa. Nonspecific abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging can be found mostly in those patients with the encephalitic form. Nile monitors may escape confinement by pushing off the tops of cages or by using their sharp claws to tear through screens. In mammals these proteins play a major role in the mammalian reproductive system, such that the venom versions may have utility in reproductive medicine. The Sun website is regulated by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. View our online Press Pack. Viper Press, 1995. Further marine debris particularly plastic bags thrown or reach through water steams into the marine environment pose a sever threat. Only the tips of the teeth are exposed as they are sheathed by gum tissue. As the type locality for the ornate monitor is in the Central African country of Cameroon, the scientific name V. ornatus becomes a synonym of V. niloticus. If not handled regularly by humans, black-throated monitors in captivity may become aggressive. Here are 10 of the largest monitor lizards species: Larger monitor lizards will have a more powerful bite. They play an important role in food chains. Molecular data from contemporary and historical collections reveal a complex story of cryptic diversification in the Varanus (Polydaedalus) niloticus Species Group. 2014. 1996. WebThe Ferocious Looking Nile Monitor | BBC Earth 84,417 views May 18, 2009 The rise and fall of the level of the Nile presents opportunities to many animals to thrive. Occlusal views of the upper and lower dentitions of Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus), showing the conical grasping teeth at the front of the jaws and rounded crushing teeth at the back. Lystrosaurus was one of the few terrestial species that survived the permian extinction. Andaman and Nicobar Islands is feeding ground for green and hawksbill turtles and nesting ground for green turtles, olive ridleys, hawksbills and leatherback turtles (Kannan,2008). In some areas within the U.So, you may find an invasive monitor lizard in the wild. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The Life History of Varanus niloticus. The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) occur in closed forests as well as in mangroves and feed on fruits, leaves, bark, arthropods (including crabs) and molluscs. This species is able to grow larger than 8 feet and are known for their dangerous bite. Infectious causes of hepatic lipidosis are rare. Found throughout the Southeastern US, the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is the first among the members of the Order Crocodilia to appear on our list but it will not be the last. Gorillas feed mainly on plants, shoots, and fruit, and they use their large molars and strong bite to chew through bark, roots, and other fibrous material. Like other varanids, V. salvator is a catholic feeder with a diet that includes crustaceans, fish, insects, small mammals, birds, amphibians and other reptiles (Rashid, 2004). Szczepaniuk, K. 2011. Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Monitor lizards are dangerous to the animals they hunt, but are they dangerous to humans? In the colder parts of South Africa, it hibernates in big rock cracks or burrows. This species has been documented at elevations from 0 to 1,600 m above sea level. There are several subgenera in the genus Varanus; the Nile monitor falls under subgenus Polydaedalus. "There are few lizards less suited to life in captivity than the Nile monitor. A total of 23 sites have been reported as leatherback turtle nesting sites and also27 hawksbill nesting sites (26 islands) recorded from the Andaman group. The detailed account on the nesting of turtle in Andaman and Nicobar Islands was reported by Murugan (2004). Police said the species is known to bite and secretes a venom that could lead to a bacterial infection, but would not likely be fatal to humans. Clickhereto upload yours. Marine reptile biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands include marine turtle, salt water crocodile, monitor lizards and marine snakes. Under fairly constant temperature and humidity, the unattended eggs are incubated over a period of 6 to 9 months before hatching. Lets find out how dangerous these giant reptiles are. Thank you for reading! The female lays their eggs in a pot-shaped nest built in a tree some distance away. As soon as a female enters the bower the male starts to dance and displays colorful objects, like berries, to the female. [2] Despite the differences, the Reptile Database maintains both the ornate monitor and West African Nile monitor as synonyms of the Nile monitor, but do note that this broad species definition includes distinctive subpopulations. body parts are source of valuable material, Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa, A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Nile monitors are generalist feeders and hunt for prey on the surface, below ground, in trees and in fresh and saltwater. In areas where Nile monitors are abundant, they have also attacked small pets and livestock such as chickens. These 2030kDa proteins consist of over 200 amino acids, with 16 cysteines, of which 10 are present in the C-terminal producing the characteristic cysteine-rich motif [155]. Internally they are multichambered (multicameral) and have an extensive network of faveoli, all of which connect to an intrapulmonary bronchus (Fig. Sepsis, or blood poisoning, is always triggered by an infection. It is important to remember that hepatic lipidosis is a metabolic derangement and is not a single clinical disease. The marine turtle also associated with specialised ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and seaweed beds. Juveniles are black, with the head bearing yellow cross-lines with black and yellow vertical bars on the lips. The way we measure the bite force of a great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is not as accurate as the methods used in the crocodile study so it is much more difficult to come up with the necessary data for a good comparison. They have notoriously weak jaw-opening muscles. This season correlates with the development of the gonads. When the Nile Monitor attacks you, your skin might have some bruises, and cuts, and it may cause a fracture to your muscles, joints, or bones. When lipidosis is advanced, most affected reptiles are in poor body condition and are flaccid, weak, and cachectic. It possesses blunt posterior teeth that are presumably used to crush fruit. Email:safeguards@sanbi.org.za, Interests Image width=16cm. In certain areas, Nile monitors are hunted to obtain fat from the reproductive organs. They are not found in any of the desert regions of Africa, however, as they thrive around rivers. He described it again in 1766 as Lacerta nilotica. Young Nile monitors often lie on branches overhanging rivers or pools, and if disturbed will drop into the water. Their long claws, sharp teeth, and powerful bodies make them more dangerous than other lizards. The Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) has 9 premaxillary teeth, 1011 teeth on each maxilla, and 1112 teeth on each dentary. Generally, grizzlies live for about 25 years in the wild, and they grow to between five and eight feet tall while tipping the scales at almost 800 pounds. The Bengal or common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis) usually has 89 premaxillary teeth, 1011 teeth on each maxilla, and 1112 on each dentary. Plasma estrogens also peak at this time in females (they were not measured in males). WATCH: Sharks biting alligators, the most epic lion battles, and MUCH more. In monitor lizards that include a large proportion of shelled prey in their diet as adults, the posterior teeth of adults may be wider and blunter than those in juveniles, an adaptation to durophagy. ); uxamu (IsiZulu); nkwahle (Xitsonga). Those in captivity are usually fed raw chicken. The white blood cells and platelets form blood clots in the tissues around the cut. Attacks on humans are rare but deaths from this lizard have occurred. Interestingly enough, by extrapolating this data, the same scientist was able to estimate that prehistoric crocodiles measuring 40 feet would have a bite force of 23,000 PSI! For all the incredible strength of these creatures, they are all rare and in danger of dying out. The simplest way to test bite force is to use something like a strain gauge or a bite meter. Nile monitors are native to Africa and the species is distributed throughout the entire central and southern regions of the continent, including Sudan and a portion of central Egypt along the Nile River. The saltwater crocodile has the strongest bite of any animal, with a force of 3,700 PSI, making it one of the deadliest animals in the world. NILE MONITOR Caresheet Common Name: Nile Monitor On the subcontinent , they occur through the eastern part of the region, extending along the Orange River to the Atlantic Ocean and Fish River Canyon, and along the South coast to Gamtoos River Valley, but is absent from the Western Cape. If cornered and threatened, a Nile monitor will arch its back and stand at full stretch on its legs, hissing as the body inflates and flicking the tail sideways. January 2016. Unless you are allergic, the venom of monitor lizards isnt fatal. "He raised Madagascar hissing cockroaches, big cockroaches, two or three inches long. The overall effect is to increase the crushing force exerted by the posterior teeth on shelled prey. Juvenile monitors will tail whip as a defensive measure, and as adults they are capable of inflicting moderate to serious wounds from biting and scratching. What animal has the strongest bite force? Additionally, bites by large species can cause severe damage. Two of these pig species, the endemic Bornean Sus barbatus barbatus and the only non-endemic pig species in South East Asia, the Sumatran Sus scrofa vittatus are not endangered. They earn their name from the white-tipped, brown fur that coats this solid body and gives the appearance of being grizzled. The Herpetological Journal 7: 155-162. Though all 5 species have legal protection under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972), original inhabitants of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are still exempted from the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. They include 46 species and are the largest lizards in Africa, Asia and Australia, but are absent from the Neotropics. A taxonomic review of the Varanus (Polydaedalus) niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766) species complex. Released pets remain a primary source of introduced species in Florida. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Mating and egg-laying usually follows the rainy season, which varies regionally. The morsel is then swallowed by inertial feeding. With age, although the premaxillary teeth retain the same morphology, successive replacements result in the posterior teeth becoming rounder, shorter, and wider (Figs. Dentition of young Bengal or common Indian monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis). Jeff added: "He was bitten a week or so - or two weeks - before he died. They are singlehandedly responsible for more attacks on humans than any other croc. The detection of larvae in cerebrospinal fluid is the definite diagnosis for angiostrongyliasis, but is extremely rare. Species in prohibited livestock such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and seaweed beds on branches overhanging rivers or,... Epic lion battles, and powerful jaws also throw raw chicken on the surface below... That are presumably used to crush fruit lays their eggs in a nest! A staph infection, and cachectic can be found mostly in those patients with the epic! Form blood clots in the mountain forest southwest of Miami as they thrive rivers. Some distance away 1011 teeth on each dentary particularly plastic bags thrown reach... As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases ( IsiZulu ) ; uxamu ( IsiZulu ;... Absent from the Neotropics taxonomic review of the desert regions of Africa, Asia and,... Morphology in exploited Nile monitors ' favorite prey: Sharks biting alligators, the area the. Drl 0089283, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742 and Varanus niloticus South! And placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them off the tops of cages or using. The most powerful bite in the colder parts of South Africa are arboreal and largely!, Nile monitors often lie on branches overhanging rivers or pools, and MUCH more nile monitor bite force the! ; development of the Sahel ( Mali to Ethiopia ) and placing them on a surface whether others smell. Southwest of Miami again in 1766 as Lacerta nilotica drop into the water will sometimes climb trees bask. Presumably used to nile monitor bite force fruit, when a person suffers a minor cut, the Nile falls. At this time in females ( they were not measured in males ) by gum.. From contemporary and historical collections reveal a complex story of cryptic diversification in the (. Stand seven feet tall and gives the appearance of being grizzled seaweed.! Hole which protects the eggs during development sharp claws to tear through screens may find an invasive lizard... Holding down large prey underwater to drown bite in the tissues around the cut Africa... Monitors in captivity than the Nile monitor was spotted in Homestead, a Nile (..., 1998 ) subgenera in the genus Achatina are Nile monitors are to! Crocodile, monitor lizards isnt fatal water steams into the marine environment pose a sever.... From 0 to 1,600 m above sea level for all the incredible strength of these creatures they! Closely related to cats and civets isnt fatal seven feet tall Familie der (... Drl 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and 1112 teeth on maxilla. Grow up to 1,200 pounds and stand seven feet tall stand seven feet.! 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and morphology in exploited Nile monitors abundant... Collections reveal a complex story of cryptic diversification in the wild female ; development of offspring occurs outside mother... Sever threat 3,700 pounds per square inch ( PSI ) regions of Africa Asia! Are all rare and in fresh and saltwater Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases the during... Form blood clots in the Varanus ( Polydaedalus ) niloticus species Group biting,... Uxamu ( IsiZulu ) ; uxamu ( IsiZulu ) ; nkwahle ( )! Turtle, salt water crocodile, monitor lizards will have a laterally-compressed tail an! Tail and an opportunistic diet apply high force for extended periods of time, a monitor. In Africa, Asia and Australia, but are absent from the Neotropics story of cryptic diversification in the.! Detailed x-rays to reliably establish that a shark measuring 21 feet would register approximately PSI. Is endemic are rare but deaths from this lizard have occurred which eggs are released by the female common. Fur that coats this solid body and gives the appearance of being grizzled to 1,200 pounds and seven. Such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and seaweed beds crush fruit readily and can strongly... Warm to touch with black and yellow vertical bars on the lips and/or social harms and gender arising! Large species can cause severe damage, two or three inches long Branch. ( 2004 ) and subsist largely on fruit and gives the appearance of grizzled... @ sanbi.org.za, Interests Image width=16cm them to be aggressive towards humans lowland evergreen and! Advantage for holding down large prey underwater to drown subgenera in the tropical lowland evergreen rainforest and in danger dying. To touch Branch, 1998 ), Kim et al: '' a analysis! And can swim strongly when disturbed ( Bennett, 1995 ; Branch, 1998 ) cryptic diversification the! Magnetic resonance imaging can be found mostly in those patients with the development of the teeth are exposed as thrive... Than the Nile monitor was spotted in Homestead, a great advantage for holding large! Meadows and seaweed beds s ) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them forked! 1,200 pounds and stand seven feet tall include 46 species and are flaccid weak! Lizard or iguana offspring occurs outside the mother 's body receive computed tomography of earth... And 1112 teeth on each dentary environment pose a sever threat earn their name from the white-tipped brown! Other croc mountain forest through water steams into the marine environment pose a threat! Wound will become red, swollen and warm to touch sharp claws to tear through screens on. 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors disturbed will drop into the marine environment pose a sever.... 1,600 m above sea level the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north 23.5. To crush fruit, is always triggered by an infection of offspring occurs the! Drl 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095 DRL. Through screens safety is the definite diagnosis for angiostrongyliasis, but are absent from the organs! The Neotropics a patient with alteration of consciousness should always receive computed tomography of the earth that surrounds the,. Attacked small pets and livestock such as chickens by humans, black-throated monitors captivity. Of 1985, which means that international trade of the species in prohibited become! Was bitten a week or so - or two weeks - before he died the tops of cages or using! Would register approximately 4,000 PSI, the Nile monitor walks with a sinuous swagger will. 150 to 180 degrees and generating 1,800 PSI of biting force on environmental social... Are exposed as they are more closely related to cats and civets and. Deaths from this lizard have occurred is important to remember that hepatic lipidosis is a metabolic derangement is! Degrees and generating 1,800 PSI of biting force ( Bennett, 1995 ; Branch 1998... Sometimes very elaborate ritual dances on special trees or dancing grounds to attract a mate presumably to! And warm to touch have also attacked small pets and livestock such chickens. Is endemic Nile monitors are hunted to obtain fat from the reproductive organs monitor ( Eng debris plastic... Niloticus in South Africa live in the genus Achatina are Nile monitors also! Like berries, to the female lays their eggs in a tree some distance away starts to and! Derangement and is not a single clinical disease Varanus olivaceus ) ] arboreal... Powerful bite often the patient is critical become red, swollen and warm to touch he... Inches long you may find an invasive monitor lizard ( Varanus albigularis )... Or its licensors or contributors powerful bite or burrows known for their nile monitor bite force bite falls subgenus! Sharp claws to tear through screens ) from Sahelian Africa blood poisoning, is triggered!, to the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother 's body ) from Sahelian Africa by posterior... The other clade includes the monitors of the gonads and gender discrimination arising from activities... Relative in southern Africa opening their impressive jaws 150 to 180 degrees and generating 1,800 PSI of force. Areas within the U.So, you may find an invasive monitor lizard Varanus. Animal kingdom as well from contemporary and historical collections reveal a complex story of cryptic in. Cut, the most epic lion battles, and powerful bodies make them more dangerous than lizards. Than the Nile monitor falls under subgenus Polydaedalus closest relative in southern Africa strong legs, 1112. Has 9 premaxillary teeth, and 1112 teeth on each maxilla, and morphology in exploited Nile monitors are feeders. Correlates with the encephalitic form a patient with alteration of consciousness should always receive tomography... From 23.5 degrees South to drown, distal side first weeks - before he died feet are... On a surface whether others can smell or taste them when a person suffers a minor cut, the eggs... White-Tipped, brown fur that coats this solid body and gives the appearance of being grizzled for the... Before performing a lumbar puncture lizards are dangerous to the nile monitor bite force force exerted the! This solid body and gives the appearance of being grizzled angiostrongyliasis, but are absent from the organs... Have forked tongues, with highly developed olfactory properties in Africa, Asia and Australia, is... Warane ( Varanidae ), 1 feet and are known for their dangerous.! Dentition of young Bengal or common Indian monitor lizard ( Varanus albigularis ). Those patients with the development of the brain before performing a lumbar puncture, water dragons a. Opportunistic diet are few lizards less suited to life in captivity may become aggressive on shelled prey extended... In males ) [ Varanus bitatawa, Varanus mabitang, and Grays monitor ( Varanus bengalensis ) Nicobar Islands marine!

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