what is exogamy marriage
According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. We don't care how many ads you see or how many pages you view. 3) Women less dependent on men. 25 chapters | The Selknam, on the Life and Thought of a Hunting People of the Great Island of Tierra Del Fuego., Sexual Division of Labor and Cross-Cultural Research., Factors Influencing the Allowance of Cousin Marriages in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample., Marriage, Authority, and Final Causes: A Study of Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Explaining Monogamy and Polygyny Among Foragers and Horticulturalists., Material Resource Investments at Marriage: Evolutionary, Social, and Ecological Perspectives., New Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Marriage Transactions., The Economics of Misbehavior, Love and Marriage Contract Enforcement., D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. Maria has taught University level psychology and mathematics courses for over 20 years. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Morgan[10] maintains that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations, especially between brother and sister, which had been common in an earlier state of promiscuity. Some examples of endogamy include marrying within the family, clan, tribe, and casteor the same social, cultural, religious, or ethnic group. Another type of dowry is indirect dowry. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. Inbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. One important predictor is whether or not women engage in craft specialization or work outside the householdwhen they do so, there is a lower likelihood of arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). Ancient Rome As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. These relate to the degree to which the wife and husband are dependent upon each other for reproductive and economic success. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). brideprice In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. Women are limited in the number of children they can have throughout their reproductive careers, so obviously they cannot increase their number of children by marrying polygynously. Exogamy implies the practice of marrying outside of one's own group. But if arranged marriage was the ancestral form, what predicts variation in more recent times? Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. 1969. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. He takes his companion to the paternal home, where he lives with her for a while and where she cooks together with the boys mother. Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. Kenya Other causes of sex ratio imbalance in favor of females include migration of men for work or trade. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. Endogamy: the practice of marrying within ones own social group. The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). The Inuit assign totem names to each half of the moiety. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. In societies in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged by the family. What is exogamy? Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. Two or more women are married to one man at the same time. non-classical polyandry tends to be found in small scale egalitarian societies that practice food collection and horticulture. However, non-native, "invasive" populations that have "not yet established a pattern of local adaptation" may derive some adaptive benefit from admixture. 485 lessons. A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. magic This practice ensures the strength of the familial bond amongst the entire language group (not allowing any individual skin group to get too strong or too isolated from the others). 1976. residence The presence of extended families may also affect the marital relationship. While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. Societies with male-biased inheritance or more male control over resources are more likely to have polygyny (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996; Sellen and Hruschka 2004). Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. But as already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways. To understand what a cross-cousin is versus a parallel cousin, it helps to think of the term cross as meaning related to you by crossing gender in the parental generation. If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. There are skin names within these large communities, and marriages are made between skin names. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). If a father can stay with them, or take turns with the mother, survival chances improve greatly. 2016. 2011). Is a marriage within one's own group? Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. 2005. Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). 2) Subsiding of romantic love. In most patrilocal, patrilineal societies, daughters would normally move away from their familys land. Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Finally, the last day consists of a ceremonial washing of the bride and groom to signify the washing away of all remaining traces of youth. The washing is followed by the couples hair being tied into a single knot (Geertz and Lomatuway 1987). Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Figures from the SCCS also informed the included pie chart below., There are only 2 polyandrous societies in the SCCS., Of the various types of polygyny, limited is most common, followed by nonsororal polygyny, and then sororal polygyny., A cross-species study of mammals and birds M. 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what is exogamy marriage