father of regional geography

Ritter introduced many stimulating ideas. The famous geographer, Paul Vidal de la Blanche is regarded as the father of Regional Geography. Ritter’s purpose always led from the individual facts towards a ‘whole’ of all phenomena, rather than to trace the inner relation of phenomena to a last ’cause’. 2. In order to achieve the highest degree of accuracy, Ritter’s plan was to bring together on each question the greatest number and variety of reliable evidence of all times and from all peoples, so that their testimony might be seen together, whether in agreement or for comparison. The areas of the Earth surface are to be studied in terms of the particular character resulting from the phenomena, interrelated to each other and to the Earth, which fill the areas. According to him, there is a fundamental unity in the biotic and abiotic components of habitat in which man sculptures his cultural environment. The task imposed upon geography is to reach the connection which exists between parts; or, in other words, to get at the relation between places and what fills and occupies them’. Regional geography is the branch of Geography that deals with the division and study of the Earth into different regions. He is widely respected as one of the founders of modern geography.Alexander von Humboldt's travels, experiments, and knowledge transformed western science in the nineteenth century. Only in this central location among the Earth’s land areas that a world-conquering civilisation could arise. Eratosthenes is commonly considered to be the “Father of Geography,” and in fact, he quite literally wrote the book on the subject in the third century BCE. It may be noted that for Humboldt and Ritter, it was axiomatic that the terrestrial unity included organic and inorganic, human as well as non- human, material and immaterial. After getting his early education in a school at Schnepfenthal near Gotha through non-formal methods (advocated by Rousseau), he was taught by G. Salzamann and Guts Muths. It is presumed that the interest in the systematic studies that developed in young Ritter just have stemmed from the influence of Humboldt’s writings. However, he attempted to show the ‘coherent relation’ of the different features in terms of cause and effect, and the formation of the multiplicity of features into the essential character of an area. This is a main branch in geography and it mainly covers studies of the human race. It is a field that is responsible for analyzing the relationship between plant life and the terrestrial environment. The function of the scientific geographer was to perceive these features, not separately, but in their interrelation so that he could thereby reproduce intellectually the unified whole that was Nature. The idea of a geographical whole, as in the integral nature of place and people, reflects Ritter’s attempt to develop a more scientific holism. The major geographical concepts of Ritter may be summed up as follows: 1. Ritter regarded “the earth as a whole as an ‘organism’ and the continents as ‘individuals’ or as ‘organs’ “. Ritter’s search for the unity in diversity led him to make use of the regional approach to geography rather than the systematic study of individual features. Later on, he reached Switzerland and Italy to make on-the-spot studies of their physical and cultural landscapes. Erdkunde is a comprehensive German word which stands for science of the earth in relation to nature and history. ‘Accumulation of facts was not to be an end in itself…. archives to see if you are a world class geography genius. 2. Join now. regional geography under stand the region as a social con- struct. The geographer traces ‘causation’ and ‘interdependence’ of the spatially distributed phenomena, and the relations of everyone to the country which supplies its condition of being. Regional geography is the branch of Geography that deals with the division and study of the Earth into different regions. Regional geography helps us in identifying the region. Prohibited Content 3. The societe de Geographie de Paris—1821, 2. Regional planning. Ritter’s significance as a scientist lies in his thorough and critical study of sources and his ability to systematise extensive material. making careful and detailed observation. At the age of seventeen he entered the University of Helle, where he worked with Professor Niemeyer. He was a teleologist and believed in deductive approach. Thus, he combined a basic teleological standpoint with a most critical scientific precision, and remarked that ‘my system builds on facts, not on philosophical arguments’. 2019. Salzamann was enthusiastic about these new suggestions and founded his school at Schnepfenthal in the Thuringerwald to experiment with them. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Ritter, in his class lectures, emphasized the point that geography is not a dry gazetteer of names of places, rivers, mountains, and trade routes. He regarded the Earth as an educational model for humankind, where nature had a God-given purpose which was to show the way for humankind s development. Before uploading and sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. The scientific stance of Ritter was teleological. The merit of Ritter’s work comes not from his description of the continents but from his ability to deduce these from a system of laws governing “the concept of regional association of terrestrial phenomena at various levels over the earth’s surface”. To him geography had a right to be considered a sharply defined science of kindred dignity with the others. Ritter remarks that “the earth and its inhabitants stand in the closest reciprocal relations and one cannot be truly presented in all its relationships without the other. One of the world’s oldest national parks, Mount Rainier became part of the federal system in 1899, shortly after its last eruption. It seeks to answer the questions of why things are as they are, where they are. Ritter appears to have envisaged each continent as a complex of individual units whose whole structure and extent could be arrived at by inductive procedures from the smallest areas of associated phenomena within the framework of his regional geography. Both Humboldt and Ritter laid great stress on the unity of nature, though one has a scientific and other a religious approach. Europe represents the sunset, or the end of the day, the culmination of humankind’s greatest accomplishments. He is considered as ‘Father of Regional Geography’, he stressed on the division of the world into natural and not into political boundaries. Most of Ritter’s earlier works point towards his zeal in the systematic studies. It was in 1807 that Ritter met Humboldt for the first time. Causal relationships had to be sought by the comparative method that had proved so successful in other sciences, particularly anatomy. An important benefit of the regional plan is that it provides for the maintenance of a greenbelt comprising 1.8 million acres of rural and conservation land. Walter Isard, an economist who founded the field of regional science, inspiring social scientists to study the relationships between such factors as geography, migration and land use in … It was here at Frankfurt-on-the Oder that Carl picked up the habit of frequent field trips around the city. His three-volume text, Geographica, included maps of the entire known world, including different climate zones, the locations of hundreds of different cities, and a coordinate system. Ritter emphasised on the relative values of wet and dry boundaries, such as rivers or mountains, which he conceived of as a means towards the real purpose of geography the understanding of the content of areas. Find an answer to your question father of systematic geography 1. His view of science sprang from his firm belief in God as the planner of the universe. In 1814, Ritter joined the University of Gottingen and studied geography, history, pedagogy, physics, chemistry, mineralogy and botany. In brief, Ritter’s theme was that the physical environment was capable of determining the course of human development. S.B. Even in the arrangement of the regions (i.e. When this had been achieved and done for the whole world, the material would then be available for a more successful development of the general principles of systematic geography. 195/194 BC) – calculated the size of the Earth. The continued use of continents as major regional entities not only for the teaching of geography, but also for the formulation of concepts has retarded the progress of geographical scholarship. In such an approach, all the physical and cultural components of environment are taken into consideration and their interrelationship is established in understanding the geography of an areal unit. World regional geography : a development approach PDF Version $ Erdkunde, Ritter pointed out, was a more fitting name for scientific geography. He seems to have laid the foundation of the holistic tradition in the nineteenth-century geography. It is in this unpublished manuscript that Ritter expressed his strong orientation towards the inductive method. Father-Son and Father-Daughter Athletes Athletes following in their fathers' footsteps. Ritter’s humankind-oriented geography clearly states: ‘The Earth and its inhabitants stand in the closest reciprocal relation and one cannot be truly presented in all its relationships without the other. The need to make land-use decisions on a national and regional scale in Canada was the impetus for the development of GIS. Areal phenomena are so interrelated as to give rise to the uniqueness of the areas as individual units. The al-Assad family—a father and then his son—has ruled Syria since 1971. Hence, Romans made major contribution to historical and regional geography. Disclaimer 9. In Erdkunde, he advanced the theory of the north-west movement of civilization in Europe. At that University between 1814 and 1816, Ritter studied geography, history, pedagogy, physics, chemistry, mineralogy and botany. World Regional Geography Final Exam Chapter 7 only: North Africa and Southwest Asia Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Humboldt was very much engaged in the gradual development of natural science, and his greatest contributions lay in the field of systematic physical geography. Since 1831, he had devoted himself fully to the completion of the Erdkunde. Ask your question. As a teacher, he made it clear to his pupils how God’s plan was revealed in the harmony of man and nature. In 1822, Ritter published a second edition of volume I and in 1832 a second edition of volume II. z Geography is a holistic and interdisciplinary field of study engaged in understanding the chaning speatial structure at different territorial levels. By proceeding from the simple to the compound, Ritter tried to establish the totality of interrelated features as the distinctive character of each area. 5. The teleology in Ritter’s geography seemed to be an attempt to interpret philosophically that which science could not explain. In geography: Influence of the social sciences. Ritter sought for relations or connections, between sets or phenomena in the same area and between one place and another. Ritter holds a holistic view with respect to the content and purpose of geographic study, and the whole study was focused on and culminated in man. World Regional Geography. The fundamental principle evolved by Ritter was “unity in diversity”. Subsequently, when the first chair of geography was created in Germany, he was made as the first Professor of Geography in 1820 at the University of Berlin. Ritter insisted repeatedly that the proper method for the study of a science of the Earth was ‘to ask the Earth itself for its laws’. He averred that there were differences between the continents. The task of the geographer is to get away from mere description to the law of the thing described; to reach not a mere enumeration of facts and figures, but the connection of place with place, and the laws which bind together local and general phenomena of the Earth’s surface. He served the department of geography of Berlin University for 39 years. Disclaimer 8. Ritter declared geography to be ‘Erdkunde’ or an earth science, which deals with local conditions and embraces the attributes of place with respect to topical, formal and material characteristics. This clearly reflects Ritter’s zeal in the systematic studies of regional geography which also implies the importance of systematic studies of individual features and phenomena. Ritter also strengthened the horizontal concept of unity of particular areas, as individual wholes, and emphasised on the individuality of the continents which at times he referred to as ‘organs’. Ritter is known for his Erdkunde, which conceptualized regional geography as contrasted with systematic geography of Humboldt. One of the contemporaries of Alexander von Humboldt and a scholar of diversified interests was Carl Ritter. He greatly increased his competence as an observer that helped him to develop his own methods. Ritter saw all of his studies of “the earth and man as revealing more and more of God’s plan”. In spite of acute financial trouble, Carl was fortunate enough to have the guidance of a geographer named J. C. F. Guts Muths whose major interests were in nature study and in geography and who had earned a name for his contributions to the development of geography. “Let us dream of Europe!” Giscard said in a speech to the Convention on the Future of Europe in February 2002. “Let’s imagine a pacified continent, free from its dividing walls and its barriers, where history and geography will finally be reconciled, so as to … ‘He saw he must not just describe the Earth’s surface and subdivide it into natural regions, but he must understand, it as the fundamental cause of events’. Ian McHarg (1920-2001) is credited with being the father of map overlays, which had a major impact on Geographical Information Systems He was a Professor of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylvania from 1954-2001 He wrote Design with Nature in 1969 He founded the Berlin Geographical Society. In 1810, Ritter produced a more complete systematic geography of the world, which he considered to be the completion of geographic work and a bridge in history. Ritter believed that each continent had a similar built. Ritter repeatedly expounded his views on the nature and problems of geography in methodological papers, Humboldt’s numerous discussions of such questions were scattered through his general writings. But, in the west, there was variety of environment and history, and in the diverse south (Europe) too history was rich, studded with the efforts and achievements of Egyptians, Carthageans, Greeks, Romans, Gauls and Iberians. He identified each continent with a different race, having a different colour. He divided the natural features of earth as mountains, rivers etc. Therefore, these are the divisions of a second order arrived at deductively. Political geography was a marginal subdiscipline for several decades after World War II, with geopolitical thinking disparaged because of its association with the work of geographers in 1930s Nazi Germany. Cohen, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. His major geographic units were the continents or Erdteile, and he applied the traditional definition for the continents as the major regions. it dealt with natural divisions of the Earth’s surface and was intended for the searching presentation according to the principles of Pestalozzi. Roger Tomlinson, the acknowledged father of GIS, led the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development team that developed what became known as the Canada Geographic Information System. Even during the period of Humboldt and Ritter geography was still not related to a specific discipline. He makes the rhetorical claim that geography as the science of earth (in the sense of natural philosophy of cosmology) reaches far beyond the real objectives, namely, the description of the earth as the home of man. Prohibited Content 3. Ritter in his research did not proceed from pre-conceived opinions, but his scientific procedure was directed throughout on temperate, purely factual, comprehension of the facts and their relations. He was convinced that the phenomena of the Earth’s surface were governed by laws, but these would only become apparent when all facts and relationships had been observed in all parts of the Earth. Image Guidelines 4. But this work was not published. He stressed the idea of land and water hemispheres, the distinction between the rates of heating and cooling of land and water, the difference between the northern and the southern hemispheres in their proportion of land and water. Unity in diversity means that every naturally bounded area is a unity in respect of climate, production, culture, population and history. Terms of Service 7. 4. He studied areas synthetically, i.e., in their totality. His ambition to produce a regional geography led him to consider regions of relatively large size. Teleological explanations are therefore often regarded as the opposite of mechanical explanations, where the phenomena and observations are understood as outcomes of prime causes such as the ‘laws of nature’. He traveled from Frontiers of … The Swiss scholar and educator, Johann Pestalozzi, further developed the ideas and pointed out that concepts must be based on the observation of phenomena and the young children must be exposed to nature so that they could observe the close involvement of man with his immediate surroundings. The Islamic Golden Age witnessed astounding advancements in the geographical sciences. These were the uniqueness of the Earth in the universe; the Earth as the home of that unique creature, man; and finally, the explanation of a host of geographic facts—the differentiation in the character among the major land units of the world. Similarly, in some cases he wrote of the division of the continents as individuals (‘members’) rather than mere parts of the ‘organisms’ of the continent. Carl Ritter is believed to have stated that he was teaching a new scientific geography ‘in contrast to the traditional lifeless summary of facts about countries and cities, mingled with all sorts of scientific incongruities’. Between 1832 and 1838, Ritter completed six more volumes, and between 1838 and 1859, 11 more volumes were completed. One of these books provided a brief study of the systematic geography of Europe which was reviewed in France. Humboldt did not pursue idealism in the same way as Ritter, for his concept of the unity of nature was more aesthetic than religious. Paternal Instinct. The famous geographer, Paul Vidal de la Blanche is regarded as the father of Regional Geography. Ritter makes few deterministic observations; he seldom does more than repeat what Humboldt had already written and gives the same synthetical accounts of continents. Privacy Policy 8. ‘The collection of facts was not an end in itself, the systematisation and comparison of data, region by region, would lead to a recognition of unity in apparent diversity.’. History and Geography must always remain inseparable. About the relationship of various facts of the earth, Ritter opined: “we must ask the earth itself for its laws”. The classical period in the development of modern geography came to an end with the death of both Humboldt and Ritter in 1859. the continents), he saw an evidence of God’s plan. The Polar Regions represent mid-night, where land and people are locked in eternal sleep. The individual area had its own particular determined value. Secondary School. He did not regard the shape of continents as accidental but rather as determined by God, so that their form and location enabled them to play the role designed by God for the development of human kind. He studied the working of nature in order to understand the purpose behind its orders. The concept of regional individuality, a development from the ideas of Zeune and Forster, combined with the concept of a ganzheit or whole derived from Kant, became one of the motifs of the Erdkunde. In Europe, for example, only in the east (Russia), there was uniformity of geographical features and uniformity of history. The first two volumes of the Erdkunde were intended to be followed by a study of history. In fact, geography remained an umbrella concept for a variety of expeditions and other activities within the natural and social sciences, to a large extent supported by geographical societies. He exerted great influence beyond the range of his immediate students as he was a geographer in the true sense of the term, whereas Humboldt’s influence was on the non- geographers. Some of the important geographical societies which promoted the cause of geography are given below in a chronological order: 1. Ritter’s monumental work is entitled as Erdkunde. This normally involves their backgrounds, how they interact and the perceptions that they have for various ideologies affecting them. Ritter emphasised that the unity of nature could be recognised in theory and in practice and this could be established scientifically only by investigating the individual, single features in their relation to each other and building these up in their actual relationships to form the whole. Fathers by the Numbers Facts from the U.S. Census Bureau. Father's Day Timeline A century of celebrating dads. He developed the concept of “unity in diversity.” Ritter was chiefly concerned with studies of human geography. Humboldt is believed to have described Ritter’s Erdkunde as the most inspired work of this kind (comparative geography) and further commented – ‘our country has yielded – it is the first work in which is presented the influence which the surface-view has had on the peoples and their fates.’ Humboldt also admired Ritter’s work on Asia and added that such an important work had not appeared in thirty years. In 1845, Humboldt described in the first volume of his Cosmos, about Ritter’s the Erdkunde which, to him, ‘has shown that the comparative geography can attain thoroughness only when the whole mass of the facts that have been gathered from various zones, is comprehended in one view, is placed at the disposal of the integrating intelligence’. Ritter was among the first to show that the theory of a continuous network of mountains was opposed by the records of observed facts and that, likewise, there was no general correspondence (as often assumed) between the crestlines of the mountains and the divisions of the drainage basin. From the report World geography … At the university level, he opted for Greek and Latin and read history and geography widely. Ritter seemed to have rejected Gattener’s and Hommeyer’s idea of pure Geography (reine geographie). It is in the Erdkunde that Ritter provides the above explanatory definition of geography and makes his geography humankind-oriented or anthropocentric. TOS 7. Ritter’s method is said to be deductive because it deduces new conclusions from fundamental assumptions or from truths established by other methods. Ritter’s concept of the unity of nature simply reflected his teleological standpoint and he saw the unity as an evidence of God’s divine plan. (3) The material conditions were described as the geographical aspect of natural history; this covered the distribution of minerals, plants and animals. Image Guidelines 5. Each continent was designed to a particular function which each had played in the course of world history. Carl Ritter, Contribution of Carl Ritter to Modern Geography, Geographers, Geography. Teleology seeks to to understand events in relation to their underlying purposes. Ritter emphasised that the enormous multiplicity of observations must be organised according to the chorological principle which should be considered both in a horizontal and a vertical sense. Geography, according to Ritter, deals with local condition (Lokalverhaltnisse) and embraces the attributes of a place with respect to topical, formal and material characteristics: (1) The first attribute was topographical, i.e. Geography is a basic subject for all human beings to learn. As expected, this subdiscipline involves elements of both biology and geography. Modern applications of human geo… He appeared to have given up many of his positions which he had held, such as his engagement with the Prussian Military School and his association with the scientific commission on geography and history. Space relations were basically emphasised. Walter Isard, an economist who founded the field of regional science, inspiring social scientists to study the relationships between such factors as geography… Be defined as a Social con- struct is an essential academic field for all human beings learn. Universal consideration beings to learn obscurity in the nineteenth-century geography and its lands,,... Their genetic relationship biotic and abiotic components of any area early civilisation of.! A coherence in the course of human and non-human phenomena on the earth 's surface spatial unity ( ). 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