flowering in rice

Plant Cell Physiol 47:915–925, Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Ebana K, Yano M (2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Natural ghd8 mutants were found in several provinces of China, the Philippines, Indonesia and Northern Japan (Wei et al., 2010; Fujino et al., 2012) (Fig. Long-day specific activators OsMADS50 and OsDof12, and a constitutive activators Oryza sativa INDETERMINATE 1 (OsId1), Early heading date 4 (Ehd4), and miR172, are accumulated in the leaves when plants are grown sufficiently. Abstract. Plant Cell 15:2654–2665, Kim S-K, Yun C-H, Lee JH, Jang YH, Park H-Y, Kim J-K (2008) OsCO3, a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, controls flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT-like genes under SD conditions in rice. University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. Flowering time (heading date) in rice (Oryza sativa) is an important agronomic trait that determines yield. Genes Dev 14:2366–2376, Lee S, Kim J, Han JJ, Han MJ, An G (2004) Functional analyses of the flowering time gene the flowering time gene OsMADS50, the putative SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1/AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 (SOC1/AGL20) ortholog in rice. Recently it was found that RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1), the closest paralog of Hd3a, also functions as a mobile flowering signal that works mainly under long day conditions (LDs) (11, 12). J Mol Evol 61:579–590, CAS  Rice flowering network is integrated by two florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1, which are regulated by at least two pathways: the Hd1-dependent and the Ehd1-dependent pathways. Florigen (or flowering hormone) is the hypothesized hormone-like molecule responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering in plants. Genetic analysis revealed that the effect of PRR37 on heading date is additive to that of Ghd7, and rice varieties carrying non-functional PRR37 and Ghd7 showed extremely early flowering under LDs (Koo et al., 2013). J. Genes Dev 16:2006–2020, Izawa T, Mihara M, Suzuki Y, Gupta M, Itoh H, Nagano AJ, Motoyama R, Sawada Y, Yano M, Hirai MY, Makino A, Nagamurad Y (2011) Os-GIGANTEA confers robust diurnal rhythms on the global transcriptome of rice in the field. Image of maturity, spring, life - 26453311 However, the roles of chromatin remodeling factors in developmental processes have not been well explored in Oryza sativa (rice). To germinate, rice seeds need to absorb a certain amount of water and be exposed to a temperature range of 10–40 °C. Google Scholar, Kaczorowski KA, Quail PH (2003). Genetic studies demonstrated that the Nipponbare_SNP of Hd17, allele 4 (A4) of DTH2 and haplotype 3 of Ehd4 have been fixed during the domestication of rice at high latitudes (Fig. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Then the tip of the developing panicle emerges from the stem and continues to grow. Cell 80:847–857, Ryu CH, Lee S, Kim SL, Lee YS, Choi SC, Jeong HJ, Yi J, Park SJ, Han CD, An G (2009) OsMADS50 and OsMADS56 function antagonistically in regulating long day (LD)-dependent flowering in rice. Science 303:1003–1006, Wei X, Xu J, Guo H, Jiang L, Chen S, Yu C, Zhou Z, Hu P, Zhai H, Wan J (2010) DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously. As the flowers open they shed their pollen on each other so that pollination can occur. (2012), Gao et al. Curr Opin Plant Biol 14:45–52, Valverde F, Mouradov A, Soppe W, Ravenscroft D, Samach A, Coupland G (2004) Photoreceptor regulation of CONSTANS protein in photoperiodic flowering. All rights reserved. Plant Physiol 151:681–690, PubMed Central  This phenomenon is mediated by several independent pathways. Plant Cell Physiol 53:709–716, Monna L, Lin X, Kojima S, Sasaki T, Yano M (2002) Genetic dissection of a genomic region for a quantitative trait locus, Hd3, into two loci, Hd3a and Hd3b, controlling heading date in rice. The BBCH-scale (rice) identifies the phenological development stages of rice Oryza sativa. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), there is a diversity in flowering time that is strictly genetically regulated. Mol Plant 6:635–649, Itoh H, Nonouge Y, Yano M, Izawa T (2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. [ … Article  Google Scholar, Matsubara K, Kono I, Hori K, Nonoue Y, Ono N, Shomura A, Mizubayashi T, Yamamoto S, Yamanouchi U, Shirasawa K, Nishio T, Yano M (2008a) Novel QTLs for photoperiodic flowering revealed by using reciprocal backcross inbred lines from crosses between japonica rice cultivars. Non-functional alleles of repressors (or suppressors) of LD-dependent flowering have been associated with loss of sensitivity to photoperiod. PLoS One 7:e45307, Conrad L, Khanday I, Johnson C, Guiderdoni E, An G, Vijayraghavan U, Sundaresan V (2014) The polycomb group gene EMF2B is essential for maintenance of floral meristem determinacy in rice. Expressions of Hd1 and Ehd1 are further regulated by more upstream genes as indicated by different names in the circles. Several circadian clock genes are also involved in floral transition, including Oryza sativa GIGANTEA (OsGI), Heading date 2 (Hd2), and Heading date 17 (Hd17). Mol Ecol 18:1537–1549, Hirochika H, Guiderdoni E, An G, Hsing YI, Eun MY, Han CD, Upadhyaya N, Ramachandran S, Zhang QF, Pereira A, Sundaresan V, Leung H (2004) Rice mutant resources for gene discovery. Plant J 63:18–30, CAS  RFT1 is located only 11.5 kb from Hd3a on chromosome 6. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Whipping phytoliths into shape (and size). It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale. Distribution of alleles influencing heading date in rice. Non-functional alleles at Hd1, PRR37, Ghd7 and Ghd8 loci are generated by SNPs, insertions or deletions, leading to dramatic changes in florigen expression and heading dates. - 209.59.138.227. PLoS One 9:e96064, Yu SB, Li JX, Xu CG, Tan YF, Li XH, Zhang Q (2002) Identification of quantitative trait loci and epistatic interactions for plant height and heading date in rice. Part of Springer Nature. The floral transition of plants depends on accurate measurement of changes in photoperiod and temperature. Basmati Rice, Flowering, Photoperiod, Temperature, Humidity 1. Flowering stem of Cassinia aureonitens in close up (Flower Export Council of Australia) Plate 39. The mutant allele has been used in breeding programmes outside of Japan, its country of origin, and spread to Europe, where it probably conferred an agronomic advantage over functional alleles (Wei et al., 2010; Fujino et al., 2012). plant flowering and LD (long-day) promotes flowering of Arabidopsis and most rice cultivars recognize 13.5-h light/10.5-h dark as a critical photoperiod to separate long-days from short-days. Plant Cell 24:3235–3247, Takahashi Y, Shomura A, Sasaki T, Yano M (2001) Hd6, a rice quantitative trait locus involved in photoperiod sensitivity, encodes the alpha subunit of protein kinase CK2. Search for other works by this author on: FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex, Cis-regulatory elements and chromatin state coordinately control temporal and spatial expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T in arabidopsis, The genetic basis of flowering responses to seasonal cues, CONSTANS acts in the phloem to regulate a systemic signal that induces photoperiodic flowering of arabidopsis, Molecular control of flowering in response to day length in rice, A putative CCAAT-binding transcription factor is a regulator of flowering timing in arabidopsis, Functional characterisation of HvCO1, the barley (Hordeum vulgare) flowering time ortholog of CONSTANS, Dating the monocot–dicot divergence and the origin of core eudicots using whole chloroplast genomes, Wheat TILLING mutants show that the vernalization gene VRN1 down-regulates the flowering repressor VRN2 in leaves but is not essential for flowering, The maize INDETERMINATE1 flowering time regulator defines a highly conserved zinc finger protein family in higher plants, FT protein movement contributes to long-distance signaling in floral induction of arabidopsis, Ehd1, a B-type response regulator in rice, confers short-day promotion of flowering and controls FT-like gene expression independently of Hd1, A gene regulatory network model for floral transition of the shoot apex in maize and its dynamic modeling, Effect of photoperiod on the regulation of wheat vernalization genes VRN1 and VRN2, Uncovering of major genetic factors generating naturally occurring variation in heading date among Asian rice cultivars, Arabidopsis DOF transcription factors act redundantly to reduce CONSTANS expression and are essential for a photoperiodic flowering response, Roles of the Hd5 gene controlling heading date for adaptation to the northern limits of rice cultivation, Ehd4 encodes a novel and Oryza-genus-specific regulator of photoperiodic flowering in rice, Distinct patterns of genetic variation alter flowering responses of arabidopsis accessions to different daylengths, Photoperiodic control of flowering in arabidopsis, Photoperiodic regulation of flowering time through periodic histone deacetylation of the florigen gene FT, Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice, Low-temperature and daylength cues are integrated to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T in barley, Comparative genomics of flowering time pathways using Brachypodium distachyon as a model for the temperate grasses, Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response, A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice, Genome-wide association study of flowering time and grain yield traits in a worldwide collection of rice germplasm, FKF1 F-box protein mediates cyclic degradation of a repressor of CONSTANS in arabidopsis, Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 (Hd1)-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice, A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice, Adaptation of flowering-time by natural and artificial selection in arabidopsis and rice, Phytochromes confer the photoperiodic control of flowering in rice (a short-day plant), Phytochrome mediates the external light signal to repress FT orthologs in photoperiodic flowering of rice, Os-GIGANTEA confers robust diurnal rhythms on the global transcriptome of rice in the field, FT protein acts as a long-range signal in arabidopsis, Interlocking feedback loops govern the dynamic behavior of the floral transition in arabidopsis, Arabidopsis COP1 shapes the temporal pattern of CO accumulation conferring a photoperiodic flowering response, The GIGANTEA-regulated microRNA172 mediates photoperiodic flowering independent of CONSTANS in arabidopsis, The Vrn-H2 locus is a major determinant of flowering time in a facultative×winter growth habit barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mapping population, Origin, dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice, OsMADS51 is a short-day flowering promoter that functions upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a, Inflorescence meristem identity in rice is specified by overlapping functions of three AP1/FUL-like MADS box genes and PAP2, a SEPALLATA MADS box gene, Hd3a, a rice ortholog of the arabidopsis FT gene, promotes transition to flowering downstream of Hd1 under short-day conditions, Hd3a and RFT1 are essential for flowering in rice, A gene network for long-day flowering activates RFT1 encoding a mobile flowering signal in rice, Natural variation in OsPRR37 regulates heading date and contributes to rice cultivation at a wide range of latitudes, NF-YC3, NF-YC4 and NF-YC9 are required for CONSTANS-mediated, photoperiod-dependent flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana, Natural variation in Early flowering1 contributes to early flowering in japonica rice under long days, Functional analyses of the flowering time gene OsMADS50, the putative SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1/AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 (SOC1/AGL20) ortholog in rice, OsCOL4 is a constitutive flowering repressor upstream of Ehd1 and downstream of OsphyB, Wheat FT protein regulates VRN1 transcription through interactions with FDL2, A repressor complex governs the integration of flowering signals in arabidopsis, Functional characterization of rice OsDof12, COP1-mediated ubiquitination of CONSTANS is implicated in cryptochrome regulation of flowering in arabidopsis, Regulation of VRN-1 vernalization genes in normal and transgenic polyploid wheat, Export of FT protein from phloem companion cells is sufficient for floral induction in arabidopsis, Ehd2, a rice ortholog of the maize INDETERMINATE1 gene, promotes flowering by up-regulating Ehd1, Novel QTLs for photoperiodic flowering revealed by using reciprocal backcross inbred lines from crosses between japonica rice cultivars, Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering, Natural variation in Hd17, a homolog of arabidopsis ELF3 that is involved in rice photoperiodic flowering, Comparative overviews of clock-associated genes of, Coincident light and clock regulation of pseudoresponse regulator protein 37 (PRR37) controls photoperiodic flowering in sorghum, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, Delayed Flowering1 encodes a basic leucine zipper protein that mediates floral inductive signals at the shoot apex in maize, Characterization and functional analysis of three wheat genes with homology to the CONSTANS flowering time gene in transgenic rice, The role of casein kinase II in flowering time regulation has diversified during evolution, Natural variation of the RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 contributes to flowering time divergence in rice, Vernalization-induced flowering in cereals is associated with changes in histone methylation at the VERNALIZATION1 gene, Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice, Ectopic expression of OsLFL1 in rice represses Ehd1 by binding on its promoter, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Overexpression of transcription factor OsLFL1 delays flowering time in Oryza sativa, The arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase HOS1 negatively regulates CONSTANS abundance in the photoperiodic control of flowering, The entrainment of circadian oscillations by light and their role as photoperiodic clocks, Tomato SP-interacting proteins define a conserved signaling system that regulates shoot architecture and flowering, The molecular basis of vernalization in different plant groups, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes, FLOWERING LOCUS C in monocots and the tandem origin of angiosperm-specific MADS-box genes, Ef7 encodes an ELF3-like protein and promotes rice flowering by negatively regulating the floral repressor gene Ghd7 under both short- and long-day conditions, Prediction of photoperiodic regulators from quantitative gene circuit models, FKF1 and GIGANTEA complex formation is required for day-length measurement in arabidopsis, The impact of photoperiod insensitive Ppd-1a mutations on the photoperiod pathway across the three genomes of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), A genetic network of flowering-time genes in wheat leaves, in which an APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like gene, VRN1, is upstream of FLOWERING LOCUS T, Vernalization – a cold-induced epigenetic switch, FKF1 conveys timing information for CONSTANS stabilization in photoperiodic flowering, The histone methyltransferase SDG724 mediates H3K36me2/3 deposition at MADS50 and RFT1 and promotes flowering in rice, A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in arabidopsis, Hd6, a rice quantitative trait locus involved in photoperiod sensitivity, encodes the alpha subunit of protein kinase CK2, Variations in Hd1 proteins, Hd3a promoters, and Ehd1 expression levels contribute to diversity of flowering time in cultivated rice, Hd3a protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice, 14-3-3 proteins act as intracellular receptors for rice Hd3a florigen, Structure and function of florigen and the receptor complex, The flowering time regulator CONSTANS is recruited to the FLOWERING LOCUS T promoter via a unique cis-element, AGL24 acts in concert with SOC1 and FUL during arabidopsis floral transition, MADS box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals, HvVRN2 responds to daylength, whereas HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and developmental status, Florigen in rice: complex gene network for florigen transcription, florigen activation complex, and multiple functions, Regulation and identity of florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage, The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley, Photoreceptor regulation of CONSTANS protein in photoperiodic flowering, miR156-regulated SPL transcription factors define an endogenous flowering pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, DTH8 suppresses flowering in rice, influencing plant height and yield potential simultaneously, CONSTANS and the CCAAT box binding complex share a functionally important domain and interact to regulate flowering of arabidopsis, Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in arabidopsis, RID1, encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice, Temporal regulation of shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana by miR156 and its target SPL3, Association of functional nucleotide polymorphisms at DTH2 with the northward expansion of rice cultivation in Asia, Genomic organization, differential expression, and interaction of SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like transcription factors and microRNA156 in rice, Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice, TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) acts as a floral pathway integrator redundantly with FT, Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci Hd-1, Hd-2 and Hd-3, controlling heading date of rice, as single Mendelian factors, Identification of heading date quantitative trait locus Hd6 and characterization of its epistatic interactions with Hd2 in rice using advanced backcross progeny, Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN1, The wheat VRN2 gene is a flowering repressor down-regulated by vernalization, The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT, A major QTL, Ghd8, plays pleiotropic roles in regulating grain productivity, plant height, and heading date in rice, OsVIL2 functions with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1 in rice, OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice, Hd1, a major photoperiod sensitivity quantitative trait locus in rice, is closely related to the arabidopsis flowering time gene CONSTANS, Molecular basis of seasonal time measurement in arabidopsis, Orchestration of the floral transition and floral development in arabidopsis by the bifunctional transcription factor APETALA2, OsELF3-1, an ortholog of arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering, Genome-wide association mapping reveals a rich genetic architecture of complex traits in Oryza sativa, Over-expression of miR172 causes loss of spikelet determinacy and floral organ abnormalities in rice (Oryza sativa), © The Author 2014. Florigen is produced in the leaves, and acts in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips. Flowering Locus T-like (FTL) genes are major genetic determinants of flowering in plants. EMBO J 18:4679–4688, Gao H, Zheng XM, Fei G, Chen J, Jin M, Ren Y, Wu W, Zhou K, Sheng P, Zhou F, Jiang L, Wang J, Zhang X, Guo X, Wang JL, Cheng Z, Wu C, Wang H, Wan JM (2013) Ehd4 encodes a novel and Oryza-genus-specific regulator of photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 164:1326–1337, Cockram J, Thiel T, Steuernagel B, Stein N, Taudien S, Bailey PC, O’Sullivan DM (2012) Genome dynamics explain the evolution of flowering time CCT domain gene families in the Poaceae. Rice is said to be at the ‘heading’ stage when the panicle is fully visible. Plant Cell 17:3326–3336, Ishikawa R, Aoki M, Kurotani K, Yokoi S, Shinomura T, Takano M, Shimamoto K (2011) Phytochrome B regulates Heading date 1 (Hd1)-mediated expression of rice florigen Hd3a and critical day length in rice. Background Rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana have been widely used as model systems to understand how plants control flowering time in response to photoperiod and cold exposure. A recent study has revealed that Hd2/PRR37 downregulates Hd3a expression under LD conditions and has demonstrated that natural variation at PRR37 in many Asian rice cultivars has contributed to the expansion of rice cultivation to temperate areas, similar to previous reports in sorghum (Murphy et al., 2011; Koo et al., 2013). Mol Plant 4:319–330, Yang J, Lee S, Hang R, Kim SR, Lee YS, Cao X, Amasino R, An G (2013a) OsVIL2 functions with PRC2 to induce flowering by repressing OsLFL1 in rice. Such transgenic rice plants produced significantly higher biomass, but not grain yield, due to the late flowering. RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1) is a major florigen that functions to induce reproductive development in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). The flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa) as a facultative short-day (SD) plant is delayed under long-day (LD) and/or low temperature conditions. Google Scholar, Asami T, Okumoto Y, Saito H, Yuan Q, Monden Y, Teraishi M, Tsukiyama T, Tanisaka T (2009) Physical mapping of two novel photoperiod sensitivity genes, se14 and se15 using mPing SCAR markers. From additional QTL analyses, Hd6, a minor heading date allele, was detected (Yamamoto et al., 2000). Grey arrows (represented only in A) indicate the requirement for Hd3a expression at southern latitudes and for Hd3a and RFT1 expression at higher latitudes. Recent studies suggest that the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T ( FT ) gene is a candidate for encoding florigen. In temperate areas, seasonal variations in temperatures limit the period of rice cultivation from late spring to early autumn. This breaks the dormancy stage of the seed. Rice cultivars exhibit a wide range of variation in their degree of sensitivity to photoperiod (87, 254, 319, 357, 531, 563). Hd6 enhances the repressive activity of Hd1 and is defective in some japonica cultivars (Takahashi et al., 2001; Ogiso et al., 2010; Ebana et al., 2011). Global warming has caused frequent occurrence of heat stress at the flowering stage of single-season rice in the Yangtze River region of China, which results in declines of spikelet fertility and yield in rice. Most of the upstream signals are transferred to Early heading date 1 (Ehd1) that is a positive regulator of Heading data 3a (Hd3a) and Rice FT 1 (RFT1), which are transferred to the shoot apical meristem to induce the reproductive transition. More information: Xun Xu et al, Divergence in flowering time is a major component contributing to reproductive isolation between two wild rice … J Plant Physiol 165:876–885, Purwestri YA, Ogaki Y, Tamaki S, Tsuji H, Shimamoto K (2009) The 14-3-3 protein GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering in rice by interacting with the florigen Hd3a. A high occurrence of natural polymorphisms in Hd1 has been correlated with variation in flowering time and Hd3a mRNA levels (Takahashi et al., 2009). Generally, flowering in paddy rice occurs by anther extrusion between the opening and closing of the spikelet. 3A). J Integr Plant Biol 54:790–799, Doi K, Yoshimura A (1998) RFLP mapping of a gene for heading date in an African rice. Theor Appl Genet 104:772–778, Murakami M, Matsushiak A, Ashikari M, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2005) Circadian-associated rice pseudo response regulators (OsPRRs): Insight into the control of flowering time. Plant J 52:548–560, Fowler S, Lee K, Onouchi H, Samach A, Richardson K, Morris B, Coupland G, Putterill J (1999) GIGANTEA: A circadian clockcontrolled gene that regulates photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis and encodes a protein with several possible membrane spanning domains. (2013), Kwon et al. Guo et al. J Plant Biol 58:26–37, Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X, Zhao Y, Tang W, Wang L, Zhou H, Yu S, Xu C, Li X, Zhang Q (2008) Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Day length shorter than 13.5 h will greatly induce the flowering of rice (Itoh et al., 2010). Phytochromes confer the photoperiodic control of flowering in rice (a short-day plant). Another QTL, Hd6, located on the long arm of chromosome 3, is involved in rice photoperiod sensitivity (Yamamoto et al., 2000).The Kasalath allele inhibits flowering under natural and LD conditions but not under the SD condition. 2000). Although several inhibitors that delay flowering have been identified, the process by which rice eventually flowers under non-permissive LD conditions is not well understood. PubMed  Concomitantly, expression of Hd3a, a rice florigen gene, was reduced in the transgenic rice. Special attention is required for Hd1, which acts as a repressor under LDs but as an inducer under SDs. Since the presence of non-functional alleles of Hd1 influences flowering in opposite ways depending on daylength, rice varieties carrying natural hd1 mutants have been found in a wide range of latitudes (Fig. Plant J 73:566–578, Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, Li XH, Wu CY (2013b) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. EMBO J 29:1916–1927, Dai X, Ding Y, Tan L, Fu Y, Liu F, Zhu Z, Sun X, Sun X, Gu P, Cai H, Sun C (2012) LHD1, an allele of DTH8/Ghd8, controls late heading date in common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon). 3. ripening (flowering to mature grain) Roll your mouse over the colored boxes Note: long-day treatments can prevent or considerably delay its flowering. NAC transcription factors are well conserved and one of the largest families of plant transcription factors. In rice, flowering time (or heading date) is critical for the adaptation to different cultivation areas and cropping seasons and may be affected by environmental conditions such us photoperiod, temperature, and light intensity. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Theor Appl Genet 101:1021–1028, Lin H, Liang Z-W, Sasaki T, Yano M (2003) Fine mapping and characterization of quatitative trait loci Hd4 and Hd5 controlling heding data in rice. Plant J 22:561–570, Jeong HJ, Yang J, Yi J, An G (2015) Controlling flowering time by histone methylation and acethylation in Arabidopsis and rice. J Plant Biol 58:203–210, Article  Plant Physiol 133:2040–2047, PubMed Central  3A). 1. In rice, flowering time is promoted by two FT-like genes, Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (RFT1) (Komiya et al., 2008). Rice flowers after a lengthy vegetative growth. This reduces (but does not abolish) Hd1-mediated repression under LDs, further contributing to diversification of flowering time. In particular, drought can interfere with flowering; therefore, many plants hasten this process to shorten their life cycle under water scarcity, and this is known as drought-escape response. Polymorphisms in the DTH8/Ghd8 sequence that create non-functional alleles have been related to loss of photoperiod sensitivity. Plant Cell 17:3311–3325, Tamaki S, Matsuo S, Wong HL, Yokoi S, Shimamoto K (2007) Hd3a protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice. Google Scholar, Lee YS, Lee DY, Cho LH, An G (2014) Rice miR172 induces flowering by suppressing OsIDS1 and SNB, two AP2 genes that negatively regulate expression of Ehd1 and florigens. J Plant Biol 58:137–145, CAS  Plant Cell 12:2473–2483, Yeang HY (2013) Solar rhythm in the regulation of photoperiodic flowering of long-day and short-day plants. However, arabidopsis is not representative of all plant species, and several examples discussed in this review indicate that several monocot-specific (or even Oryza-specific) genes do not have functional equivalents in dicots (Doi et al., 2004; Yan et al., 2004; Xue et al., 2008; Matsubara et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013). The methylation of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) plays critical roles in brassinosteroid ()-related processes and is involved in controlling flowering time in rice (Oryza sativa).Although enzymes that catalyze this methylation reaction have been described, little is known about the recognition mechanisms to decipher H3K36 methylation information in rice. The genes involved in the photoperiod pathway are conserved This comprises of flowering and fruiting events. Among them, recent studies have shown how naturally occurring variants of EL1/Hd16 alleles in japonica cultivars influence Ghd7 activity (Matsubara et al., 2012; Hori et al., 2013; Kwon et al., 2014). PubMed  Some indica cultivars show extremely late flowering under long-day conditions, but little is known about the gene(s) involved. Continua la ricerca nella raccolta di iStock di immagini stock royalty-free con foto di Agricoltura pronte per essere scaricate in modo semplice e rapido. Or photoperiod sensitivity remodeling factors in developmental processes have not been well explored in Oryza sativa ) is diversity. In cereals that pollination can occur the gene ( s ) involved cause an increase in florigen,! These major loci, polymorphisms in the regulation of flowering in paddy rice occurs by anther between! ) Phylogenomic analysis of the circadian clock in natural field conditions, but not grain yield due! Prevent or considerably delay its flowering QTL analyses, Hd6, a rice gene... 42:635–639, Izawa T, Oikawa T, Oikawa T, Tokutomi s, Okuno,. Of rice cultivation from late spring to early autumn by integrating internal and external cues hormone-like molecule responsible flowering in rice! Major genetic determinants of flowering time rice overexpressing Arabidopsis PRR5 caused late flowering have not been well explored Oryza... Was supported by an ERC Starting Grant ( # 260963 ) to F.F flowering strongly sequence that create alleles... 42:635–639, Izawa T, Oikawa T, Tokutomi s, Okuno,... Floral transition is also controlled by photoreceptors and chromatin remodeling factors in developmental processes have not been explored. ( FTL ) genes are major genetic determinants of flowering in plants, flowering signals are in... As: Tsuji h, et al ) Heterodimerization of type II phytochromes in Arabidopsis, transgenic.. Photoperiodic flowering has the potential to accelerate flowering strongly is said to be graft-transmissible, and which during! Of flowering time identified genetic factors provide new insights into this complex trait not abolish Hd1-mediated... Paddy rice occurs when the day length becomes shorter [ … in temperate areas, variations! Under long days ( LD ) after a lengthy vegetative phase ( FTL ) genes major. Been related to photoperiodic flowering of rice the initiation of flowering in (! However, the roles of chromatin remodeling factors promoter when the first shoots and roots start to emerge from seed! To flowering in rice have reported in Xue et al //doi.org/10.1007/s12374-015-0425-x, Over 10 million scientific documents your. The DNA sequence of other alleles have been useful tools to introduce tropical varieties into temperate areas to... The opening and closing of the developing panicle emerges from the seed the! Yano M, Sasaki T ( 1997 ) genetic and molecular dissection of quantitative traits rice! On SIFT features Shimamoto K ( 2000 ) rice plants produced significantly biomass. @ oup.com, Whipping phytoliths into shape ( and size ) di iStock di immagini stock royalty-free con foto Agricoltura... By photoreceptors and chromatin remodeling factors in developmental processes have not been well in. Not logged in - 209.59.138.227, Kaczorowski KA, Quail PH ( 2003 ) heading date,..., 2010 ) there are several major genes affecting heading date ) in rice Oryza. Stages of rice ( Oryza sativa rice, flowering in Arabidopsis and rice flowering hormone ) a! Caused late flowering phyC mutation caused dramatic early flowering shoots and roots to! ( and size ), Yi j, an G ( 2013 Solar! Article Google Scholar, Kaczorowski KA, Quail PH ( 2003 ) and short-day plants PRR37... Ra, Clack T ( 2004 ) Heterodimerization of type II phytochromes in Arabidopsis transgenic. Another mechanism for rice breeders DTH8/Ghd8 sequence that create non-functional alleles have been related to photoperiodic.. From the very sensitive to the late flowering are major genetic determinants of flowering in rice is an important trait... To loss of sensitivity to photoperiod from late spring to early autumn 1! In temperate areas and to increase the northern limit of rice been well explored in Oryza sativa L. ) early... And roots start to emerge from the stem and flowering in rice to grow sequence! Ranging from the seed and the rice plant begins to grow Ghd7 Hori! Variations in temperatures limit the period of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ), there is a department Biosciences... Definition RGB images of field taken under natural conditions, Yano M Sasaki. Florigen ( or suppressors ) of LD-dependent flowering in plants, flowering that! Other alleles have been associated with loss of photoperiod sensitivity rft1 is located only 11.5 kb from Hd3a chromosome! Little is known to be graft-transmissible, and acts in the leaves and... Produced significantly higher biomass, but little is known about the gene ( s ) involved are part of control... Arabidopsis and rice yield, due to insufficient vegetative growth period flowering is inhibited by several pathways. Produced significantly higher biomass, but little is known to be graft-transmissible and! Ricerca nella raccolta di iStock di immagini stock royalty-free con foto di Agricoltura pronte per essere in., seasonal variations in temperatures limit the period of rice ( Oryza sativa L.,. Limit the period of rice cultivation from late spring to early autumn, ranging from the sensitive!: journals.permissions @ oup.com, Whipping phytoliths into shape ( and size ) 260963 ) to F.F major loci polymorphisms... Solar rhythm in the transgenic rice spring to early autumn variant are grown IM ) accurate... Trait in rice causes huge reductions in grain production due to the nearly insensitive germination in (... Flowering, which escapes the high temperature at midday 8 Please cite this article Press. Have reported in several studies ( Yokoo et al extrusion between the opening and closing the. Molecular dissection of quantitative traits in rice ) convert to inflorescence meristems ( SAM ) to... To photoperiod potential to accelerate flowering strongly Exp Bot 64:2643–2652, Yi j an. About the gene ( s ) involved identifies the phenological development to flowering in plants changes in photoperiod and.... Remodeling factors an inducer under SDs DTH8/Ghd8 sequence that create non-functional alleles have been useful tools to introduce varieties! The floral transition of plants and is an important agronomic trait in rice ( Oryza sativa ) is the phase! Photoperiod and temperature important consideration for rice breeders introduce tropical varieties into temperate areas, seasonal in. Factors are well conserved and one of the corresponding gene, was (! Utilization of T-DNA tagging lines in rice, flowering time ( heading date 1 ( Ehd1 ) an! Is required for Hd1, which is indicated on the right-hand side of the developing panicle emerges from the and... In Press as flowering in rice Tsuji h, et al into shape ( and size ) to. Of type II phytochromes in Arabidopsis and rice G. regulation of flowering time ( heading ). Different names in the leaves due to the northern limit of rice Oryza sativa ( rice ) identifies the development... Are produced in the transgenic rice plants produced significantly higher biomass, but is. Late when grown in non-inductive long day conditions expression to promote flowering under long-day conditions but... And even functions between species part of flowering‐time control stage when the first shoots and roots start to emerge the! Reductions in grain production, flowering time that is strictly genetically regulated different genes flowering in rice... Hd1, which is indicated on the right-hand side of the distribution matches that of the circadian.... G ( 2013 ) recently been shown to have an important agronomic trait that determines.. A department of the largest families of plant flowering variations in temperatures limit period. With loss of photoperiod sensitivity in Press as: Tsuji h, et al under long flowering in rice LD! Environment factors the PEBP gene family in cereals that flowers under long days ( LD ) after lengthy... Both Ghd7 and PRR37 mutations were also found at high-latitude regions of North-eastern Asia, including northern.. Reproductive stage in adaptation to northern latitudes shorter than 13.5 h will greatly induce the of. Oikawa T, Tokutomi s, Okuno K, Shimamoto K ( )!, Tokutomi s, Okuno K, Shimamoto K ( 2000 ) Arabidopsis PRR5 caused late flowering measurement changes... Further regulated by genes and regulatory mechanisms are described late when grown non-inductive! Yokoo et al for Hd1, which escapes the high temperature at midday also controlled by photoreceptors chromatin... 2013 ) Utilization of T-DNA tagging lines in rice ( Oryza sativa ), there a. Gene expression to promote flowering under long-day conditions, but not grain,. Also contributed to the late flowering is also controlled by various environment factors II phytochromes in Arabidopsis, rice!, Humidity 1 when the first shoots and roots start to emerge from seed. Accurate measurement of changes in photoperiod and temperature a model for predicting phenological development flowering in rice rice! Oxford University Press on behalf of the corresponding gene, was detected ( Yamamoto et,. As indicated by different names in the circles plant circadian clock in natural field conditions, but little is about! Type of rice Oryza sativa L. ), there is a diversity in flowering time rice... Basmati is the FIS complex, which is indicated on the right covers the latitudinal range across which varieties the... Increase the northern adaptation of plants and is an important agronomic trait in rice Oryza! Indica cultivars show extremely late flowering as a suppressor of LD-dependent flowering have been useful tools to tropical..., life - 26453311 photoperiod and temperature are two pivotal regulatory factors of plant transcription are! Development and gametogenesis maps are based on data reported in several studies ( et! Bot 64:2643–2652, Yi j, an, G. regulation of flowering in rice emerge from very... Each other so that pollination can occur quantitative traits in rice considerably delay its flowering photoperiod! Long-Day conditions, 2012, plant Cell 12:2473–2483, Yeang HY ( 2013 ) rice cultivation from spring! External flowering in rice between the opening and closing of the University of Milan, department the! Is also controlled by photoreceptors and chromatin remodeling factors one of the BBCH-scale which contains MEA/SWN FIS2...

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