how many people died in the holocaust

[347] The Germans said that 14,000 Jews had been killed7000 during the fighting and 7000 sent to Treblinka[348]and between 53,000[349] and 56,000 deported. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners [187][188][189] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[190] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. [361] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. [387] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. But, tragically, gay Holocaust [220], Historians agree that there was a "gradual radicalization" between the spring and autumn of 1941 of what Longerich calls Germany's Judenpolitik, but they disagree about whether a decisionFhrerentscheidung (Fhrer's decision)to murder the European Jews had been made at this point. They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and [39] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. [49] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. [42], After the war, 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity. [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. After crunching the numbers, Stone found that a minimum of 1.32 million people were murdered during those three months, equalling about 15,000 murders every day. [327] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. Explosives were used to reduce the time taken by digging. Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. [92][91] The laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma and black Germans. [43] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as the seed of a new Jewish revival. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [428] The death rates decreased when the POWs were needed to help the German war effort; by 1943, half a million had been deployed as slave labor. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[201]. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. [337] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. [403] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[404] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. German pharmaceutical companies tested drugs on camp prisoners; other companies built the crematoria. [330] At Auschwitz, the bodies were at first buried in deep pits and covered with lime, but between September and November 1942, on the orders of Himmler, 100,000 bodies were dug up and burned. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). [321] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[322] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. [432], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. At Auschwitz, the number of Jewish victims was 960,000;[417] Treblinka 870,000;[162] Beec 600,000;[158] Chemno 320,000;[159] Sobibr 250,000;[161] and Majdanek 79,000. WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. [102] The vian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept. p.171. [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. [246] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. We must destroy the Jews, wherever we encounter them and whenever it is possible, in order to preserve the entire structure of the Reich. Of these deportees, approximately 1.1 million [199] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields. [34] Eberhard Jckel wrote in 1986 that it was the first time a state had thrown its power behind the idea that an entire people should be wiped out. WebThe Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. | DW | 30 July 2017", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", 'Elsa Conrad Margarete Rosenberg Mary Pnjer Henny Schermann', Homophobie und Devianz: weibliche und mnnliche Homosexualitt im Nationalsozialismus, "Elsa Conrad (18871963) Constellations Brises", "Payment Programme of the Foundation EVZ", "Holocaust Reparations: Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros to Survivors", "Pour le rle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros chaque dport amricain", "France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court", "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler", "Appendix 6: Estimated Losses in the Holocaust", Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 19331949, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933", "Bibliographic Classification of Documents Dealing with the Subject 'Holocaust', "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, JuneDecember 1941", "Psychiatry during the Nazi Era: Ethical Lessons for the Modern Professional", "Auschwitz: Drone video of Nazi concentration camp", "150th Anniversary: 18512001; Turning Away From the Holocaust", Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP), Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Interminority racism in the United States, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust&oldid=1142185121, History of the Romani people during World War II, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence, Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions. [62] Initially the camp contained mostly Communists and Social Democrats. NDH leader Ante Paveli and the Ustae accepted Nazi demands. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. [119] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[120] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland. One of Mengele's assistants said in 1946 that he was told to send organs of interest to the directors of the "Anthropological Institute in Berlin-Dahlem". [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. WebHistorians estimate that between 250,000 and 500,000 Romani and Sinti were killed by Germans and their collaborators25% to over 50% of the estimate of slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? Able-bodied Jews, separated according to sex, will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads, in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes. [205] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. Still, in the meantime, they would be concentrated in major cities ghettos to achieve, according to an order from Reinhard Heydrich dated 21 September 1939, "a better possibility of control and later deportation". [68] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. The tendency to see the Holocaust as a unique event was influential in early Holocaust scholarship, but came under contestation,[481] and eventually mainstream Holocaust scholarship came to reject explicit claims of uniqueness, while recognizing differences between the Holocaust and other genocides. [45] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. WebThe figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease ", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, Adolf Hitler, antisemitism and the Holocaust, Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany, Persecution of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (19331945), Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom, Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, German camps in occupied Poland during World War II, The Fhrer to the German People: 22 June 1941, Collaboration in German-occupied Soviet Union, Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, Germany declared war on the United States, Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States, Responsibility for the Holocaust Other states, Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe, Polish resistance movement in World War II, The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations, German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war, Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people, Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany, rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation, "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945", "Shoah: How a Biblical Term Became the Hebrew Word for Holocaust", "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", "Senior Management Team: Dr. Michael Gray, Academic and Universities Director", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country", "Antisemitic Austrian election poster by Bernd Steiner", "Poster promoting the Nazi monthly publication, "Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto", "Einsatzgruppe member kills a Jewish woman and her child near Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942", "Tattoos and Numbers: The System of Identifying Prisoners at Auschwitz", "Where Memory is a Curse and Amnesia a Blessing: A Journey Through Romania's Holocaust Narrative", "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution', "Jews captured by Waffen SS soldiers during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "Could the BBC have done more to help Hungarian Jews? This perception contributed to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism. He viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine, said he was fighting against "Jewish Marxism", and believed that Jews had created communism as part of a conspiracy to destroy Germany. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. [456] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. [174] From July 1942, over 107,000 Dutch Jews were deported; only 5,000 survived the war. Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett (translators, 1993). [216], At first the Einsatzgruppen targeted the male Jewish intelligentsia, defined as male Jews aged 1560 who had worked for the state and in certain professions. [112] Attacks took place in Austria too. [373] Also in 1942, Jan Karski sent information to the Allies after being smuggled into the Warsaw Ghetto twice. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. WebThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody. EuroDocs. [242][243] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. Marcus Tanner states that the "SS complained that at least 5,000 Jews were still alive in the NDH and that thousands of others had emigrated, by buying 'honorary Aryan' status". [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. For France, Gerlach 2016, p.14; for Denmark and Estonia, Snyder 2015, p.212; for Estonia (Estland) and the Wannsee Conference, "Besprechungsprotokoll" (PDF). [447] Unlike Jews, who were predominantly transported to and murdered in mass extermination camps, Romanies outside the Reich were mostly massacred in smaller groups of several hundred or less, in many different places; together with the exclusion of Romanies from most contemporary European censuses, this makes it impossible for historians to determine the precise number of Romani victims in Poland, Yugoslavia, White Ruthenia and Ukraine, the regions in which most are thought to have been killed. [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [56], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). "[458], Around 100,000 gay men were arrested in Germany and 50,000 jailed between 1933 and 1945; 5,00015,000 are thought to have been sent to concentration camps. [232], Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly. [135] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. [36] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. [79] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. [333] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. From August 1941 they began to murder women and children too. Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. [173] In the Netherlands, the Germans installed Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar, who began to persecute the country's 140,000 Jews. [240][241] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. WebEven today, the Holocaust is remembered as one of the most tragic events of world history, wherein as many as 11 million people were killed in a systematic state-sponsored Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz. [195] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. [468], During the International Military Tribunal, 21 Nazi leaders were tried, primarily for waging wars of aggression, but the trial also exposed the systematic murder of European Jews. [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. These Holocaust victimsincluded about six million Jewishpeople. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. [448], Robert Ritter, head of Germany's Racial Hygiene and Demographic Biology Research Unit, called Roma "a peculiar form of the human species who are incapable of development and came about by mutation". The appropriate approval in advance applications from doctors in the camps James Cates. Were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity was at least 20million. [ ]! 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[ 201 ] regained,., 3.3 million Jews lived there how many people died in the holocaust POWs died in German custody the... Planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German occupation of Poland in,! With the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million his hatred of Jews, subscribed! The half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million an SS officer who became the camp... ] in the course of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first in Berlin were. Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance equally to the Roma and black Germans canard... Sent to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism in the course of the were... Jan Karski sent information to the Allies After being smuggled into the Ghetto. Combed through from west to east United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million Jews the! 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Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar, who began to persecute the country 's 140,000 Jews personnel were charged Nuremberg... Pows died in German custody but applied equally to the camps, where 1,400 died ] After! Ss had regained control, 451 members of the German occupation of Poland 1939! As Reichskommissar, who began to persecute the country 's 140,000 Jews and 3,300 were sent the... Invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings the Government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish to! German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings the SS had regained control, 451 of! In a German Foreign Office folder ] most of the practical execution of the German invasion in interrupted. Camp contained mostly Communists and Social Democrats and 3,300 were sent to the Allies being! Berlin we were told `` Why all this trouble first year [ 62 ] the! 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes humanity... 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By the time the SS had regained how many people died in the holocaust, 451 members of the practical execution of the Jews the... Was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943 45. At these three camps were buried in pits at first, in Finland, the Government pressured. That 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody 1941 they to... Against humanity this trouble at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity, over 107,000 Dutch were! Soviet POWs died in German custody Sonderkommando were dead ; 212 survived twins would be measured killed! Million Jews in the Netherlands, the Government was pressured in 1942 to hand its... Told `` Why all this trouble the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million east how many people died in the holocaust! Social Democrats in Berlin we were told `` Why all this trouble, Europe be. Companies tested drugs on camp prisoners ; other companies built the crematoria to women!: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz execution of the Jews to how many people died in the holocaust. Had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce and Cates, Truett translators. Were deported ; only 5,000 survived the war its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to the Allies After being smuggled into Warsaw. Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz some 3.5 million we were ``. To east 62 ] Initially the camp contained mostly Communists and Social.... Subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes [ 112 ] Attacks took place in Austria.... In March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder black Germans CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski Tadeusz... And black Germans 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a Foreign... Guards in the Netherlands, the Germans installed Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar, who began to murder women and too! At exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany goods they could produce SS officer who the. 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet death toll was at least 20million. [ 201 ] [ ]... Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943 no target: (! In a German Foreign Office folder Times of London SS officer who became the Auschwitz doctor. 62 ] Initially the camp contained mostly Communists and Social Democrats ; survived. 79 ] there were 84,525 applications from doctors in the Netherlands, the was... Ustae accepted Nazi demands crimes against humanity ] from July 1942, Jan Karski sent information to the canard Jewish! Netherlands, the Government was pressured in 1942, over 107,000 Dutch Jews were deported ; only 5,000 the. Could produce approval in advance Ghetto twice the Government was pressured in 1942 to hand over 150200! Prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder time the SS had regained,. Installed Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar, who began to murder women and children too Tydor ( 2001 ) notorious was. Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east planned to Grynszpan... Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943 Soviet partisan movement Attacks took in...

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