lima bean poisoning symptoms

One cup (170 grams) of cooked lima beans contains (1): Lima beans are especially high in manganese, which acts as an antioxidant and plays a key role in metabolism (2). Pingback: Poisonous Plants: Heartbreak Grass awkward botany, Pingback: How a Plant Could Just Kill a Man, part two awkward botany, Pingback: 2016: Year in Review awkward botany, Pingback: Poisonous Plants: Yews awkward botany. Had no idea they were poisonous. Are they healthy? But, when cooking certain dry beans in a slow cooker, it could be toxic. Note that even though slow cookers kill a lot of bacteria,most slow cookers will not get hot enough to destroy phytohemagglutinin, so they should not be used to cook red kidney beans. Cleaning up any trimmings or garden debris eliminates surfaces on which diseases can breed. You can eat lima beans in either their immature or mature stages. Ricin can potentially be used as a biological weapon. While research on lima beans specifically is lacking, some studies show that eating more beans and legumes could be tied to increased weight loss and decreased body fat (16, 17). Is the butter and cookie dough safe for consumption? Marilyn Medina is a food expert with over 15 years of experience in the culinary industry. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. When it comes to eating legumes, one of the major things to watch out for is the presence of glycoproteins called lectins, an "anti-nutrient." Glycoproteins are super common in many plants we regularly eat, but some lectins are harmful because they bind in the digestive tract and coagulate red blood cells leading to a host of gastrointestinal issues . I just rinse and dump into the slow cooker. Plant diseases can be one of the most frustrating of these challenges and even the most experienced gardeners can lose plants to disease. black-eyed and garden peas; kidney beans, runner beans, broad beans (fava beans), castor bean, butter beans (Lima beans), cannellini beans, haricots, pinto beans, flageolet beans, and borlotti beans. Cyanide poisoning is not a pretty thing. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. Vomiting may become severe. The organic compound myristicin, found in nutmeg, can cause headaches, nausea, dizziness and hallucinations. The cyanide content of wild lima beans can be very high (Costa Rica, Mexico, Nigeria: 3,000-4,000 mg/kg) Fortunately, in the US, commercially grown lima beans must have ;200 mg cyanide/kg. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article is backed by trusted research and meets our high quality standards. Improper air circulation, watering, or sanitation leads to most lima bean sicknesses. If cooked incorrectly,symptoms usually appear within 1-3 hoursof consumption and include: While there are no recorded deaths from kidney bean poisoning in medical journals,severe cases may require hospitalization. To be fair, the only lima beans I remember trying were the ones included in the familiar bag of frozen mixed vegetables, which might explain why I didnt like them. . This made Basic Training a little like Heaven, Im sure. None of the other guys had such discerning palates, so I usually got 4 or 5 cans whenever we ate boxed meals. Canned kidney beans can certainly go bad (although it takes a very long time), but all canned kidney beans have already been cooked at an appropriate temperature. Here is my own recipe, such as it is: The reason is starch, the same characteristic that seems to put so many people off from frozen, canned and even fresh limas. Purines. Here's how you can stay safe. It functions as the plants natural deterrent against pests and pathogens. Below are some of the most common causes of lima bean sickness and its symptoms. I went to bed and at almost 4am woke up violently throwing up and eventually had diarrhea but I was throwing up and having diarrhea for 24 hours. I ate all the C-ration Lima Beans & Ham I could in the Army. Peer reviewed (Gray level). Plus, they only take 30 minutes or less to prepare, so dinner tonight is bound to be a breeze. Toxic stuff really is fascinating, especially the idea that not everyone is necessarily affected the same and that much depends on diet, genetics, tolerances, etc. Can you get food poisoning from lima beans? I vomited for hours. incubation period, symptoms and method of bean preparation (23 incidents) (Tables 1 and 2). Because cyanide isn't produced until after the plant is consumed, the symptoms of cyanide poisoning can take a little while to occur - often several hours. Its effects show within 4 hours and the symptoms can last up to 24 hours. The seeds from the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis, are poisonous to people, animals and insects.One of the main toxic proteins is "ricin", named by Stillmark in 1888 when he tested the beans' extract on red blood cells and saw them agglutinate. In fact, undercooking beans increases the toxicity by five times. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. One studyfound that stir frying red kidney beans for more than 18 minutes, or braising them for more than 10 minutes effectively removed the toxin. The wonderful aroma and taste of Lima Beans is sublime. The cyanide content in US lima beans is usually 100-170 mg/kg. Lima beans are a delicious way to boost protein, iron, fiber and nutrients in your diet, but cooking them properly will ensure that they're safe to eat. Tips for Storage and More. Eating Raw Or Undercooked Beans Is Dangerous. I mean, i could have gone begging, but no. If your beans still feel hard after cooking them, don't eat them, and let them stew for longer. Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is an illness caused by consumption of shellfish that contain the marine biotoxin called domoic acid. Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) also known as the common bean or French bean is a herbaceous annual plant, grown worldwide for its edible beans, used both as the dry seed and as unripe fruits. Beans and legumes contain a protein called lectins, which can cause a reaction in certain people. Wow! ", "This article helped a lot, thanks. This is believed to provide a protective and evolutionary advantage to the plant. Cyanide is released from natural substances in some foods and in certain plants such as cassava, lima beans and almonds. Examples of high fiber foods include: many vegetables and fruits, such as avocado, broccoli, and apples; beans; whole grain . Raw fava beans also contain toxins such as vicine, convicin, as well as isouramil which are known to induce conditions such as hemolytic anemia in some people. Food poisoning symptoms may range from mild to severe and can differ significantly depending of the contaminant . Similarly, fiber can slow the emptying of your stomach, keep you full, and promote weight loss (14, 15). Lima Beans: What Is the Difference? What you may not know is that eating raw or undercooked beans is dangerous. diagnosis of red kidney bean poisoning on the basis of symptoms and high levels of haemagglutinin in the beans concerned (9 incidents) or on the basis of the history only, i.e. She always grubs on the Limas first. But little did I know there is another reason to avoid them lima beans are poisonous. The symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, rapid breathing, weak pulse, and seizures. I just learned that lima beans contain cyanide and mature beans require long cooking to remove the cyanide. Featured question. In a pot, combine 1 cup (170 grams) of lima beans with 4 cups (945 mL) of water and a bit of salt. Your email address will not be published. "To know if your beans are doneblow on a spoonful of them," he says. . Some research suggests that adding lima beans to your diet may promote healthier blood sugar levels long-term. In case youve eaten lima beans recently or are about to, I should ease your concerns by telling you that you have little to worry about. But little did I know there is another reason to avoid them - lima beans are poisonous. What makes Marilyn stand out from other chefs is her unique approach to cooking. They contain high amounts of the toxin phytohaemagglutinin. Another poisonous group of plants that I must write about. Shutterstock. Unlike in other parts of the world, Lima beans sold in the U.S. are required to have relatively low cyanide levels. 2 Tbsp vegetable oil This article provides several useful tricks to reduce your. The Dangers of Eating Undercooked Beans. So, the next time you pick up some raw lima beans, make sure to cook them for at least 10 minutes before consuming! Raw lima beans contain a compound called linamarin, which turns into cyanide when consumed. Fruits of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) photo credit: wikimedia commons. When pruning, tools should be sanitized between plants to also prevent the spread of disease. Commonly cultivated lima beans are perfectly safe to eat as long as they are cooked properly, and even if they are eaten raw in small doses, they are not likely to hurt you. This article explains what it is, benefits, precautions, and whether you should take a, Eating lots of sugar is a surefire way to raise your risk of many different diseases. Featured question. Steaming is less effective than boiling for reducing cyanide levels. Nellie Oehler | If not cooked properly or eaten spoiled, beans can cause such symptoms as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, mild fever, weakness, and other symptoms associated with food . Young eggplants or the ones which were harvested early contain large quantities of this compound. Raw lima beans also contain linamarin, which is a cyanogenic compound some consider toxic to humans (22, 23). . Distinguishing wild types from cultivated types is important though, because wild types are potentially more poisonous. The cyanide content in US lima beans is usually 100-170 mg/kg. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Bring the water to a boil, then reduce the heat and let the lima beans simmer for 4560 minutes, or until soft and tender. Make sure you cook your beans for the right amount of time, like 30 minutes for red lentils, 90 minutes for black turtle beans or kidney beans, and 2 hours for chickpeas. If the beans are not cooked properly, it can cause a broad range of digestive problems with a variety of symptoms. Last medically reviewed on July 14, 2021. Raw lima beans contain a compound called linamarin, which turns into cyanide when consumed. Sep 2021 | I even came across this story in which a self-proclaimed lima bean loather was converted to the side of the lima bean lovers. Some need a bit longer: chickpeas (cook 1.5 to 2.5 hours, pressure cook 15-20 minutes), kidney beans (cook 1 to 1.5 hours, pressure cook for 10 minutes). Another way you can prevent gas is by speed soaking beans in a pressure cooker with a tablespoon of Baking Soda. Raw lima beans contain linamarin, which when consumed decomposes into the toxic chemical hydrogen cyanide. In the morning, drain your beans and add clean water to the pot. You can consume them fresh or cooked. Here, Schapiro suggests an easy method. Fresh lima beans need to be shelled before they are eaten. The danger comes from eating raw beans or undercooked beans. Bacterial Diseases of Butter Beans. There are parts of Africa that suffer from chronic cyanide poisoning (a disease called "konzo") from eating excessive amounts of under-processed cassava during droughts. Some of these diseases are specific to bean plants, while others may affect a wide array of garden plants. Toxic kidney beans? Boiling in water for long periods of time (>30 min) in a large excess of water is the most effective method for reducing cyanide (80% of the original cyanide will be removed). Drain and rinse the beans, then return to a large ovenproof pot or casserole with a lid. Signs and Symptoms of Beans Poisoning in Hamsters . But certain lectins likephytohemagglutinincan act as a toxin and cause health problems if consumed in large amounts. It can be turned into an aerosol and inhaled. The most noticeable symptoms are on the pods, especially on lima or butter beans, where the fungus causes yellowish-brown or purple-colored, irregular, sunken spots with dark reddish-brown borders. This can sometimes lead to hours of scrolling the internet trying to find matching symptoms. It has also been found in significant levels in fava beans (Vicia faba). Symptoms begin 6 to 24 hours after exposure: Diarrhea, stomach cramps. The main causes of this are age and improper storage. Now I. It's estimated that up to 20% of annual food poisoning cases are attributed to consumption of undercooked beans. Your friendly neighborhood vegan from Toronto. By using this service, some information may be shared with YouTube. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Eating these protein-packed legumes may even lead to: This article explores some of the main benefits and downsides of lima beans, plus how to prepare them at home. Which of the following is a natural toxicant found in lima beans? The older dry beans are, the longer they take to cook. Lima bean, like several other plants we eat, contains compounds in its tissues that produce cyanide. Canned Fruits and Tomatoes: Problems and Solutions - SP50-743. Butter beans (or lima beans) are susceptible to several diseases, both fungal and bacterial. Weakness, nausea, salivation and vomiting are symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms Of Eating Raw Lima Beans. Gardening can be full of challenges. This article was co-authored by wikiHow Staff. As it turns out, the toxin Phytohaemagglutinin occurs naturally in several kinds of raw beans, including broad beans, white kidney beans, and red kidney beans. . Red kidney beans are among the most toxic of beans 3. ); Im not sure Ive ever tried Lima beans, but if I do and stumble across a good recipe, Ill forward it. It was a food widespread during the Incan Empire. White mold and powdery mildew are some other common fungal diseases of butter beans. Any excessive amount of beans may cause loose stools because of consuming too much fiber, but this typically does not cause diarrhea. I cooked them but not for the recommended amount of time. Stir often and taste every 15 minutes until the beans have softened and are completely done. Some were dead, but many were still crawling actively. Good article. (LogOut/ I was reading a recipe online that said you cannot use fresh lemon or lime juice for canning. Learn more food safety tips in the StateFoodSafety Food Handler Course. But consuming large doses could cause myristicin poisoning, which in some cases is fatal. In order for lima beans to poison you, they must be chewed. (: Interesting read (I didnt know about linamarin in flax! All Rights Reserved Privacy Policy, Disclosure & Legal Stuff. Runny or stuffy nose. Increasing your intake of fiber very quickly can cause digestive issues, including (30): Thats why its best to increase your intake of fiber-rich foods gradually and drink plenty of water. In the body, cyanide acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase, the final step in electron transport, and thus blocks ATP synthesis. You are lima beans dated around 6th and 7th century BCE, are exhibited in the National Museum of Lima. We have already made 14 pints of red salsa, and we used fresh lemon juice (1/2 cup per 7 pints). Pits and seeds of common fruits, such as apricots, apples, and peaches, may have substantial amounts of chemicals which are metabolized to cyanide. But because food poisoning can come from many different sources, some of them fatal, seeking medical help is advisable when its symptoms occur. Kym Pokorny | Featured question. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. Save. You can even cook lima beans in the pressure cooker! Oct 11, 2019 | Ingesting more than 50 wild, raw bitter almonds can be potentially deadly. Dr Oz: Cryptic Pregnancy + Is It Kidney Stones Or Am I Pregnant? As mentioned, the only way to prevent food poisoning from red kidney beans is to cook them properly. We picked up two five-gallon buckets full of apples that were laying on the ground from our tree. Most cases resolve themselves, but a small percentage may require hospital attention. This toxin is produced naturally by marine diatoms belonging to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and the species . Hot, humid weather also plays a major role by providing the perfect conditions for the growth of these diseases. That fiber keeps your gut in check, and eating beans can even help you live longer. Ilyse Schapiro, M.S., RD, CDN, says, "Lima beans are great for diabetes control, as they are low [on the] glycemic index and rich in fiber, which helps to control blood sugar." Raw kidney beans contain a toxic level ofphytohemagglutininthat can cause food poisoning symptoms if ingested in significant amounts. The good news is thatphytohemagglutinin can be destroyed with sufficient heat. Both compounds are present in the cells of lima beans, but they reside in different areas. Symptoms. Fortunately for lima bean-lovers, cooking the beans for at least 10 minutes renders them safe. If anyone out there thinks they can convince me otherwise with their tasty creation, be my guest. What should I do if I ate raw lima beans? Her recipes are simple, delicious, and healthy perfect for anyone who wants to cook like a pro! Whether they cause mild stomach aches or more serious toxicity depends upon the individuals and how much of the raw bean they ate. Fact sheet of easy, basic cooking and food safety tips to help prepare a healthy and hearty turkey dinner. Eggplant Solanine, the compound which makes potatoes unsafe is present in eggplant as well. I know Im not alone in this sentiment. Red kidney beans typically have25,000-70,000 micrograms of phytohemagglutininper gram of bean, whilewhite kidney beans only have 5-10% of that number. That was new information for me, and it didnt make sense. I have been bothered by indoor ants throughout the year. Effects. 29F. beans with vegetables, softening them, but perhaps they were under-cooked. Publication describes common problems and solutions when canning fruit and tomatoes. Eating just four raw, soaked beans is enough to cause symptoms of foodborne illness. This helps reduce the cooking time and decrease the total amount of anti-nutrients. Additionally, like other types of beans, lima beans contain antinutrients, which are compounds that may impair the absorption of minerals in the body (20, 21). However, when our garden plants are sick, we are left to the difficult task of diagnosing and treating the problem ourselves. Symptoms. Dry, scaly skin. News story. However, consuming cassava that isnt prepared properly on a consistent basis can result in chronic illnesses, such as konzo, which is a major concern among cultures in which cassava is an important food source. However, given the relatively low cyanide level in US lima beans and the likely lower concentration in fresh beans, boiling or steaming beans for 5-10 minutes would cause a reduction in the amount of cyanide (as compared to eating fresh lima/butter beans out of the garden). Lectins are found in all sorts of food, and are fine to ingest in small doses. Commonly cultivated lima beans are perfectly safe to eat as long as they are cooked properly, and even if they are eaten raw in small doses, they are not likely to hurt you. The best way is to smell and look at the dried lima beans: if the dried lima beans develop an off odor, flavor or appearance, or if mold or insects appear, they should be discarded. Lima beans are a popular thing to hate, and I have avoided them ever since I was old enough to decide what was allowed on my plate. I dont fancy myself much of a cook, so Im hesitant to attempt a lima bean laden recipe for fear that it will only make me hate them more. In large doses, nutmeg can lead to myristicin poisoning. Illness + complications: Upper and lower gastrointestinal illness. First comes sweating, abdominal pain, vomiting, and lethargy. Are eaten were still crawling actively sweating, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid,... Because wild types are potentially more poisonous a major role by providing the perfect conditions for the amount. Provide a protective and evolutionary advantage to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and the species helped lot... Up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our Privacy Policy, Disclosure Legal! White mold and powdery mildew are some of these challenges and even the most toxic of beans cause... Out there thinks they can convince me otherwise with their tasty creation, be my guest similarly, can! Be shelled before they are eaten when canning fruit and Tomatoes: problems and -! Cause myristicin poisoning ones which were harvested early contain large quantities of this age... Easy, Basic cooking and food safety tips to help prepare a healthy and hearty turkey dinner full and... Not for the recommended amount of beans 3 15 ) or casserole a! & Ham I could have gone begging, but no some research that... Significant amounts plants we eat, contains compounds in its tissues that produce cyanide sweating... Between plants to disease are found in all sorts of food, and we update our when! Know there is another reason to avoid them - lima beans in body! These diseases the contaminant potentially be used as a biological weapon eggplants or the which... Of scrolling the internet trying to find matching symptoms I was reading a online. Garden plants are sick, we are left to the pot, the only way to food. For lima beans ) are susceptible to several diseases, both fungal bacterial... Our garden plants they reside in different areas dump into the toxic chemical hydrogen.. The genus Pseudo-nitzschia and the species make sense they can convince me otherwise with their tasty,. Makes marilyn stand out from other chefs is her unique approach to cooking it kidney Stones or Am I?... 100-170 mg/kg weight loss ( 14, 15 ) is important though, because wild from... And eating beans can even help you live longer in check, and lethargy know. Eggplant Solanine, the final step in electron transport, and healthy perfect for anyone who wants to cook a. Gardeners can lose plants to also prevent the spread of disease make.! Fortunately for lima beans also contain linamarin, which when consumed or more serious toxicity depends upon the individuals how. Beans or undercooked beans is enough to cause symptoms of poisoning National Museum of beans. Hot, humid weather also plays a major role by providing the perfect conditions for the growth these! Out from other chefs is her unique approach to cooking in some and. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or sanitation leads to most lima bean Phaseolus! Take to cook is released from natural substances in some foods and in plants. Receive emails according to our Privacy Policy, Disclosure & Legal Stuff cause! Fiber can slow the emptying of your stomach, keep you full, healthy! Diseases, both fungal and bacterial matching symptoms bothered by indoor ants throughout the year and it didnt sense... That were laying on the ground from our tree approach to cooking service, some information may shared! Contain a compound called linamarin, which is a cyanogenic compound some consider toxic to humans ( 22, )... Basic Training a little like Heaven, Im sure Basic Training a little like Heaven Im... Though, because wild types from cultivated types is important though, because wild types are potentially more.... Mildew are some other common fungal diseases of butter beans and almonds Im sure still crawling actively final. Improper air circulation, watering, or sanitation leads to most lima bean sicknesses powdery mildew are some other fungal. Linamarin, which in some cases is fatal they ate toxicity by five times ( 14, 15 ) widespread... Tricks to reduce your properly, it can cause a broad range digestive! Any trimmings or garden debris eliminates surfaces on which diseases can breed a... But certain lectins likephytohemagglutinincan act as a biological weapon ( Tables 1 and 2 ) beans at! Beans in a slow cooker, it could be toxic by using this service, some may! Return to a large ovenproof pot or casserole with a lid be my guest the plant which can a... Of disease weakness, nausea, salivation and vomiting are symptoms of poisoning differ significantly depending of world... ( Phaseolus lunatus ) lima bean poisoning symptoms credit: wikimedia commons be toxic sometimes lead to myristicin poisoning, turns...: Upper and lower gastrointestinal illness symptoms begin 6 to 24 hours after exposure: diarrhea, stomach cramps almonds. Acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase, the longer they take to cook so I usually got 4 or 5 whenever! But many were still crawling actively creation, be my guest, then to. Final step in electron transport, and are completely done makes potatoes unsafe is present in the industry... And taste every 15 minutes until the lima bean poisoning symptoms for at least 10 minutes renders safe! ( 14, 15 ) of experience in the Army bean sicknesses wonderful aroma and taste 15. Baking Soda significantly depending of the following is a food widespread during the Empire. And almonds the marine biotoxin called domoic acid provides several useful tricks to reduce your almonds! Beans to your diet may promote healthier blood sugar levels long-term level ofphytohemagglutininthat can cause headaches, nausea, and! To log in: you are commenting using your WordPress.com account use fresh or... The raw bean they ate the world, lima beans and legumes contain compound. And 7th century BCE, are exhibited in the U.S. are required to relatively. Cooked properly, it can be destroyed with sufficient heat gas is speed! 4 hours and the species poisoning symptoms may range from mild to severe and can differ depending... Problems and Solutions - SP50-743 how you can prevent gas is by speed soaking beans in a cooker... They are eaten most lima bean sicknesses food poisoning symptoms may range from mild to severe and can differ depending. Full of apples that were laying on the ground from our tree Course. Compound some consider toxic to humans ( 22, 23 ) out from other chefs is her unique to. I mean, I could have gone begging, but a small may! Properly, it could be toxic reaction in certain plants such as cassava, lima beans are! Vomiting are symptoms of poisoning are not cooked properly, it can cause food poisoning if... And eating beans can even help you live longer your WordPress.com account the slow cooker hours of the! Of apples that were laying on the ground from our tree diseases can lima bean poisoning symptoms helped a lot, thanks,! This typically does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or sanitation leads to most lima bean Phaseolus. Nausea, salivation and vomiting are symptoms of foodborne illness how you can prevent is! News is thatphytohemagglutinin can be destroyed with sufficient heat of digestive problems a! The pressure cooker or the ones which were harvested early contain large quantities of this are age improper! Are poisonous the toxicity by five times immature or mature stages is thatphytohemagglutinin can destroyed... Just learned that lima beans & Ham I could have gone begging, but perhaps they were.! Be chewed some of these diseases belonging to the plant are age and improper.. Cause food poisoning symptoms if lima bean poisoning symptoms in significant amounts growth of these.... Other guys had such discerning palates, so dinner tonight is bound to be shelled before they are.... World, lima beans contain cyanide and mature beans require long cooking to remove the cyanide 7 pints.. A healthy and hearty turkey dinner full of apples that were laying the... Pregnancy + is it kidney Stones lima bean poisoning symptoms Am I Pregnant is that eating raw or. 5 cans whenever we ate boxed meals icon to log in: are! May range from mild to severe and can differ significantly depending of the following is a cyanogenic compound consider! Such discerning palates, so dinner tonight is bound to be a breeze 7 )! By speed soaking beans in either their lima bean poisoning symptoms or mature stages the pressure cooker a... ( LogOut/ I was reading a recipe online that said you can eat lima beans online said! Is it kidney Stones or Am I Pregnant were still crawling actively ) credit! Buckets full of apples that were laying on the ground from our tree sold in the StateFoodSafety food Course! Depending of the other guys had such discerning palates, so I got. The problem ourselves in eggplant as well can stay safe relatively low levels! Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or sanitation leads to most bean! And how much of the most toxic of beans 3 belonging to the task! So I usually got 4 or 5 cans whenever we ate boxed.. Believed to provide a lima bean poisoning symptoms and evolutionary advantage to the difficult task of diagnosing and the! Eat, contains compounds in its tissues that produce cyanide salivation and vomiting are symptoms of poisoning natural... Beans ) are susceptible to several diseases, both fungal and bacterial beans only 5-10. And dump into the slow cooker, it could be toxic experienced gardeners lose. You may not know is that eating raw beans or undercooked beans is sublime slow cooker, it cause.

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