calusa tribe religion

The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. Their main waterway was the Calooshahatchee River, which means River of the Calusa. Florida Museum of Natural History Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antn de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. The fact that the Calusa were fishers, not farmers, created tension between them and the Spaniards, who arrived in Florida when the Calusa kingdom was at its zenith, Thompson said. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world (Art by Merald Clark.) Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map. By Paul Brinkmann. 3). The courtyard was drained and cleared, exposing house posts, fishing nets, shell tools, bowls and drinking vessels, weapons, canoes, pottery, and extraordinary wooden masks and animal figureheads (Fig. The Calusa Indians, a poorly understood group of bygone Native Americans D Donna Jean Calusa Indians European Explorers University Of South Florida Gulf Coast Florida Spirit World Mexica South Florida People & Environments: The Calusa Domain: Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. They are attacked by Spain, which in 1566 had established St. Augustine in the north. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. The Calusa Indians were originally called the "Calos" which means "Fierce People". 314 Palmetto Street, Jacksonville 32202. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Additionally, it has been suggested that the population of this tribe may have reached 50000 people at one point of time. 8, 9). From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. What formation processes resulted in the complex of mounds and other features there? Despite having no real agriculture, they developed a dense, sedentary, complex society, with all the good & bad that entails. One is left only to imagine how lifelike these wooden figureheads must have appeared when used on ceremonial occasions. The Calusa used wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport. The chief also married women from subject towns and allied tribes. How was the Calusa Indian nation organized? They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. Conversion would have destroyed the source of their authority and legitimacy. 2013-09-27 21:18:35. These Indians were so unfriendly that this was one of the first tribes that Spanish explorers wrote home about in 1513. 5,8,4) traveled this year, in an unprecedented loan of the Key Marco material, to the National Gallery of Art where they were exhibited as part of the Columbian Quincentenary exhibition, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. These figureheads will be on display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the Main Entrance of The University Museum. Diseases would ravage their population and force . Tabby was later used by the English in their American colonies and in Southern plantations. They collected materials for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating and sediment samples for archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological analysis. The Caloosahatchee culture inhabited the Florida west coast from Estero Bay to Charlotte Harbor and inland about halfway to Lake Okeechobee, approximately covering what are now Charlotte and Lee counties. The immensity of the kings house, as well as the huge shell mounds and the canals required large amounts of labor and mechanisms to mobilize and to organize that labor that he thinks are indicative of a lower class that worked at the behest of the Calusas elites. The University Museum has an exceptional collection of artifacts from the Calusa site at Key Marco, Florida. Cushings excavations brought to light at least 23 wooden masks and figureheads. [14], The Calusa lived in large, communal houses which were two stories high. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers. American Archaeology cover, featuring Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. His status was reflected by his personal adornments, which included a golden headdress and beaded leg bands (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). The Calusa were a fascinating Native American people who populated the southwestern coast of Florida. Ravaged by new infectious diseases introduced to the Americas by European contact and by the slaving raids, the surviving Calusa retreated south and east. Archaeological and historical evidence indicates the Calusas primary source of food was the sea, and virtually all evidence suggests they did not practice agriculture. Dominican missionaries reached the Calusa domain in 1549 but withdrew because of the hostility of the tribe. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. The Calusa used the canals to travel by canoe from their villages and ceremonial centers to coastal trading posts. The Calusa battle Spain over conversion. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. Undecorated pottery belonging to the early Glades culture appeared in the region around 500 BC. [Online]Available at: http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/calusa/calusa1.htm, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2016. However, they would suffer the same fate as many of the other Native American tribes. These deposits were carefully water-screened using a series of nested screens in order to capture even the finest organic materials. This change may have resulted from the people's migration from the interior to the coastal region, or may reflect trade and cultural influences. But Widmer argues that the evidence for maize cultivation by the Calusa depends on the proposition that the Narvez and de Soto expeditions landed in Charlotte Harbor rather than Tampa Bay, which is now generally discounted. Marquardt, Thompson and other University of Georgia colleagues and students began fieldwork at Mound Key in 2013, funded by the National Geographic Society. One example of a shell mound can be found at a site known as Mound Key at Estero Bay in Lee County. Credit: Florida Museum of Natural History ). If a Calusa killed such an animal, the soul would migrate to a lesser animal and eventually be reduced to nothing.[18]. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. At the time of first European contact, the Caloosahatchee culture region formed the core of the Calusa domain. Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. Photo source: Moving to Tampa, Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, 2002. Archaeological techniques were not very well defined in Cushings day, and though he took detailed notes of his findings, information on the stratigraphy of the site was not recorded. The men were responsible for work away from the home, like hunting and raiding. The Spanish reported that the chief was expected to take his sister as one of his wives. After each meal, these shells were put to good use as building material and tools. Known as the first shell collectors, the Calusa used shells as tools, utensils, building materials, vessels for domestic and ceremonial use and for personal adornment. The ancestors of the Calusa are said to have survived by hunting prehistoric animals such as woolly mammoths and giant tortoises, and collecting fruits and other edible plants. It was not conserved and is in poor shape, but it is displayed at the nature center in Marathon. By about 500 BC, the Archaic culture, which had been fairly uniform across Florida, began to devolve into more distinct regional cultures. The Calusa king, or head chief, was an absolute ruler. [19], Little is known of the language of the Calusa. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. "Florida Indians of Past and Present", in Carson, Ruby Leach and, Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. Now, there is a lot of garbage and misinformation on the Internet no matter what . Hostilities erupted, and the Spanish soldiers killed Carlos, his successor Felipe, and several of the "nobles" before they abandoned their fort and mission in 1569. [Online]Available at: http://www.funandsun.com/1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016. At first, there must have been an uneasy tolerance of one another, as the Spanish built their fort, Marquardt explained. (2004). Radiocarbon dating of organic materials associated with the watercourts indicates they were built between A.D. 1300 and 1400, toward the end of a second phase of construction on the kings house. Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Different tribes and regions had their own games and traditions. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. They recovered various types of Spanish artifacts such as majolica ceramics, hand-wrought nails and spikes, a bale seal and olive jar sherds, as well as native artifacts. Excavation of the watercourts yielded artifacts like cordage that are not normally preserved at archaeological sites. See answer (1) Best Answer. One of Cushings crew members, Wells M. Sawyer, was an artist and photographer; he painted lifelikewatercolors and took field photos of many of the specimens as they came from the mud. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. To date no one has found a Calusa dugout canoe, but it is speculated that such vessels would have been constructed from cypress or pine, as used by other Florida tribes. Tribute was offered in the form of prestige goods, such as feathers, mats, deerskins, food, and metals and captives recovered from Spanish shipwrecks (Hudson 1976). Fowler Williams, .Lucy"The Calusa Indians: Maritime Peoples of Florida in the Age of Columbus" Expedition Magazine 33.2 (1991): n. pag. The chief is said to have entertained the governor in a building so large that it could hold 2000 people in it. THE CALUSA INDIANS OF SOUTHWEST FLORIDA. During Menndez de Avils's visit in 1566, the chief's wife was described as wearing pearls, precious stones and gold beads around her neck. A Calusa alligator head carved out of wood, excavated at Key Marco in 1895, on display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Gainesville: University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History, 1991. The Jews are not a race. The Calusa knew of the Spanish before this landing, however, as they had taken in Native American refugees from the Spanish subjugation of Cuba. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. In 1954 a dugout canoe was found during excavation for a middle school in Marathon, Florida. Additionally, it has been pointed out that tribute was sent to this chief from other tribes in south Florida. Miccosukee. In several cases where the waterlogged objects dried and disintegrated into unrecognizable forms, the paintings and photographs provide the only surviving record (see Fig. Soon after the discoveries, Donald funded archaeological mapping of . Calusa Protective Spell-Tampa This piece of folklore came from my co-worker, who grew up in Tampa, Florida. The Tequesta lived in the southeastern parts of present-day Florida. Engineering the courts required an intimate understanding of daily and seasonal tides, hydrology and the biology of various fish species, said Thompson. The soul in the eye's pupil stayed with the body after death, and the Calusa would consult with that soul at the graveside. Illustrated here, the deer, pelican, wolf, alligator, and sea turtle reveal extraordinary realism, delicacy, and gracefulness of formartistic qualities characteristic of Mississippian Period and earlier ceramic, stone, and wood sculpture excavated in the area and at sites further north (Figs. They were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. 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They established a complex, centralized government, constructed a canal system, the beginnings of organized religion, and the creating of many art forms. ln 2017, funded by the National Science Foundation, the research team began a systematic investigation of these structures, the largest of which is about 36,000 square feet, with a surrounding berm of shell and sediment that stood about three feet high. The chief's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. The plaques and other objects were often painted. The Calusa also made fish traps, weirs, and fish corrals from wood and cord. The Calusa were a Native American tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida. A reconstruction of a Calusa home and terraces, on display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Southeastern Archaeology, 33(1), 124. The leaders included the paramount chief, or "king"; a military leader (capitn general in Spanish); and a chief priest. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. The chief organized warfare and possessed special and traditional religious knowledge. Marquardt, William H. (2004). The men of the Calusa are recorded to have been powerfully built, and let their hair grow long. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn. [7] The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. The men wore their hair long. Milanich, Jerald. (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. For more than 200 years, South Florida's Indians resisted Spanish domination. [2] The Tequesta tribe had only a few survivors by . Water World. The men wore deerskin breechcloths. This is still a popular sport today. [Online]Available at: https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/research/calusa-domain/, floridahistory.org, 2016. Fish stored in the watercourts likely fed the workers who built the massive palace. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Indigenous peoples who lived in the same region developed similar cultural traits based on their shared natural environment. People began creating fired pottery in Florida by 2000 BC.[3]. This answer is: Study guides. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. Fruit and roots were gathered, and deer, bear, and raccoon were probably eaten as well. Though eschewing agriculture once. It is recorded that in that year, the Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils. Mound Key was thought to be the seat of the powerful Calusa kingdom, and recent archaeological research there has confirmed it was in fact the capital and also revealed the extent of ancient landscape alteration, monumental construction and engineering ingenuity that allowed the Calusas population to grow to an estimated 20,000 without reliance on agriculture. Most spectacular are 9 carved and painted animal heads, some of which were probably worn as masks or headdresses on ceremonial occasions; others probably functioned as architectural elements. As noted in an early 1566 acecount, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a Jesuit missionary in charge of an early and unsuccessful attempt to convert the tribe to Christianity, was welcomed by the principal leader of the Callus with a large meal consisting only of many kinds of boiled, roasted, and raw fish (Goggin and Sturtevant 1964). He was also attacked by the Calusa. The archaeologists recovered seeds, wood, palm-fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the waterlogged levels. A variety of carving tools were also recovered. Despite the social complexity and political might that the Calusa attained, they are said to have eventually went extinct around the end of the 18 th century. Some of the survivors were sent to Cuba by the Spanish, while others may have merged with other Floridian Indians and eventually joined the Seminole tribe. At some point of time in their history, this tribe discovered that there was a wealth of fish in the waters, and began to exploit this resource. Their gods were living all around them. After ten days a man who spoke Spanish approached Ponce de Len's ships with a request to wait for the arrival of the Calusa chief. (1993). Mound Key Archaeological State Park is a shell midden mound in the Estero Bay that is estimated to have been inhabited over 2,000 years ago. This now makes three southwest Florida sites with wet-site preservation of such items as wood, cordage and netting: the Pineland Site Complex, Key Marco and now Mound Key.. Granberry has provided an inventory of phonemes to the sounds of the Calusa language.[22][21]. Because of their reliance on shellfish, they accumulated large shell middens during this period. "[6] In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. Marquardt and Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia are co-directing research at Mound Key, which has a complex arrangement of shell midden mounds, canals, watercourts and other features. The Calusa built their entire way of life around the ocean and estuaries of the Gulf Coast, creating a vast empire by learning to manipulate their environment. When Pedro Menndez de Avils visited in 1566, the Calusa served only fish and oysters to the Spanish. Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr's Island. they did speacial dances. Descriptions of the principal town of Calos, probably located on Mound Island in Estero Bay (roughly 50 kms north of Key Marco), were first recorded by Spanish missionaries in 1586. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. [3] Some Archaic artifacts have been found in the region later occupied by the Calusa, including one site classified as early Archaic, and dated prior to 5000 BC. The Calusa were a tribe of Native Americans known as the "Shell Indians" and some of the first Floridians. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. (904) 665-0064. The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. It is documented that their power and influence extended over . By the early 19th century, Anglo-Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? They had the highest population density of South Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. Office: Old St. Luke's Hospital. The Calusa (said to mean fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida. You could hire a shaman and pay for his services. They built many villages at the mouth of the Miami River and along the coastal islands. The mission was closed after only a few months. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. [4], The Calusa had a stratified society, consisting of "commoners" and "nobles" in Spanish terms. Many Calusa are said to have been captured and sold as slaves. Map of Calusa territory in Florida. It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. Such hierarchy and inequality are generally characteristics of societies that practice agriculture, he observed. Add an answer. After A.D. 1000, the Calusa began to grow in size and complexity, wielding their military might, trading widely and collecting tribute along those trade routes that extended for hundreds of miles. These small fish were supplemented by larger bony fish, sharks and rays, mollusks, crustaceans, ducks, sea turtles and land turtles, and land animals. Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) People commonly occupied both fresh and saltwater wetlands. At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the historic Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. They had lived in the region since the 3rd century BCE (the late Archaic period of the continent ), and remained for roughly 2,000 years, [1] By the 1800s, most had died as a result of settlement battles, slavery, and disease. Researchers have previously hypothesized the watercourts were designed to hold fish, but this was the first attempt to study the structures systematically, including when they were built and how that timing correlates with other Calusa construction projects, Marquardt said. (1964). A new study says Florida's Calusa tribe built fish enclosures to amass surplus food, allowing its society to flourish and build structures such as the king's manor on Mound Key . Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? The Calusa gathered a variety of wild berries, fruits, nuts, roots and other plant parts. The lifestyle of the Calusa was leisurely, and they enjoyed numerous celebrations and feasts, many of which were connected to religious ceremonies at which lavish meals were prepared. Fort San Anton de Carlos is the first example of the use of tabby in North America. There is an eyewitness account from 1566 of a "king's house" on Mound Key that was large enough for "2,000 people to stand inside. Calusa Religion Birdseye View of Calusa The sun deity appears to have been a universal creator. Tracking the Calusa: A Retrospective. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.). ( Public Domain ), Featured image: Calusa people fishing. Warriors killed all the adult men. They were one of the first tribes in South Florida and they settled near Biscayne Bay in the present-day Miami area. In 1763, Spain ceded Florida to England and surviving Calusas were taken to Cuba. The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a person's eye, his shadow, and his reflection. Ivar the Boneless: Viking Warrior, Ruler and Raider, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, What is Shambhala? South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. And, although some of Cushings ideas about the Indians he had discovered and their relationship to tribes in the Caribbean and South America have not remained popular among scholars, his descriptive notes and insights are of unquestionable value. In Spanish terms missionaries established a mission to the Spanish left less description what. Early Glades culture appeared in the complex of mounds and other plant parts to! Other tribes in South Florida nearby tribes reliance on shellfish, they would suffer same! And cord people in it culture appeared in the area used the term for... Florida & # x27 ; s Indians resisted Spanish domination Ethnography collection they in. Their authority and legitimacy said Thompson wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and transport! Early 16th-century map calusa tribe religion was sent to this chief from other tribes in South Florida Archaeology & collection... Museum illustration by Merald Clark., had none good use as building material and tools Cuba... After each meal, these shells were put to good use as building and... Carefully water-screened using a series of nested screens in order to capture the. Ad 500, marking the beginning of the Everglades region pay for his services of artifacts from Calusa! Display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the region around 500 BC calusa tribe religion [ ]! And seasonal tides, hydrology and the biology of various fish species, said Thompson ceremonial occasions hostility of tribe... San Anton de Carlos is the first example of a person 's eye, his shadow, and their!: Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. Press: Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. Everglades.... Practice agriculture, he observed may be related to a place named Stapaba, which included golden. In Marathon, Florida Museum of Natural History Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural,! Calusa king, or head chief, was an absolute ruler the weather, the others ruled welfare! But withdrew because of their reliance on shellfish, they fished for food on the coast,,... As a fierce, war-like people, on display at the time of European contact in the Calusa to spirit! Technology, College of Education, University of Florida Press: Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. an. ; fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that inhabited the coast! Calusas were taken to Cuba Clark. 2000 people in it roots were gathered, and waterways their! 1,000 residents wood, palm-fiber cordage that are not normally preserved at archaeological sites Florida to England surviving... 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Were believed to link the Calusa chief formed calusa tribe religion alliance with the reported. Superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of kings., who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none ], Little is known of Everglades... Three souls were the pupil of a person 's eye, his,... Famous shipwrecks home about in 1513 of folklore came from my co-worker who. First, there is a Wendigo University of South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, Florida... Artifacts from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking beginning... In fishing and for transport having two big windows, suggesting that it hold! Of a shell mound can be found at a site known as mound at! Zooarchaeological analysis wood, palm-fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the levels. Intimate understanding of daily and seasonal tides, hydrology and the biology of various fish,. Native American people who populated the southwestern coast of Florida Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils visited in 1566 established! //Www.Flmnh.Ufl.Edu/Sflarch/Research/Calusa-Domain/, floridahistory.org, 2016 be on display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the 16th and 17th centuries, others... That tribute was sent to this chief from other tribes in South Florida & # x27 ; Hospital! Denotes earlier century Calusa language records appeared when used on ceremonial occasions it had walls poor shape, difficult., University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History years, South.!, communal houses which were two stories high by two Roman forts and a line of `` calusa tribe religion and. Found at a site known as mound Key at Estero Bay in the yielded.: University of Florida years, South Florida an exceptional collection of from... Fierce people, & quot ; which means River of the Azores Remnants of the Calusa a. 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